53 Congressional Record (May 29, 1968), p. E4784.
54 Congressional Record (May 29, 1968), p. E4784.
55 Congressional Record (May 28, 1968), citing Newsweek (March 22, 1965).
56 Congressional Record (May 28, 1968), citing the New York Times (February 24, 1964).
57 Congressional Record (May 28, 1968), p.E4750, citing Saturday Review (April 3, 1965).
58 U.S. News & World Report (May 11, 1992), p. 36.
59 Congressional Record (May 28, 1968), p. E4751.
60 Congressional Record (April 11, 1968), p. E3005.
61 Ralph Abernathy, And the Walls Came Tumbling Down (New York: Harper & Row, 1989).
62 Congressional Record (October 4, 1967), p. H13014. Bayard Rustin was openly homosexual. He was the main organizer for King’s March on Washington, where King delivered his ?I Have a Dream? speech in 1963. Clarence Page, ?African-American Homophobia Is as Misguided as It Is Wrong,? The Cincinnati Post (February 10, 1994), p. 15A. Rustin’s views on riots were similar to those of King. In front of an audience in New York, Rustin said that riots were caused by ?merely a few confused Negro boys throwing stones in windows or a Molotov cocktail at a cop who was perfectly capable of ducking.? Edward Banfield, The Un-Heavenly City Revisited (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1974), p. 220.
63 Ralph de Toledano, J. Edgar Hoover: The Man in His Time (New Rochelle, New York: Arlington House, 1973), p. 333.
64 For example, see the Testimony of John Edgar Hoover, Director, Federal Bureau of Investigation, United States Department of Justice, Before the House Subcommittee on Appropriations on February 10, 1966. In that report, he investigated the activities of the neo-nazis and various other white extremist groups along with the communists and anti-White groups.
65 Toledano, J. Edgar Hoover, p. 303.
66 Toledano, J. Edgar Hoover, p. 304.
67 Toledano, J. Edgar Hoover, p. 303.
68 Toledano, J. Edgar Hoover, p. 304.
69 Toledano, J. Edgar Hoover, p. 331.
70 Toledano, J. Edgar Hoover, p. 332.
71 Carl Rowan, Breaking Barriers: A Memoir (Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1991), p. 255.
72 Rowan, Breaking Barriers, p. 255. When Rowan was asked why he noted the alleged affair, he retorted, ?. . . [I]t’s not my job to protect anybody, not least or even Martin Luther King.? Birmingham Times (February 21, 1991), p. 2.
73 Tony Brown, ?The Worst Kind of Uncle Tom,? Birmingham Times (February 21, 1991).
74 Edgar S. Brightman, The Finding of God.
75 Martin Luther King, Jr., The Place of Reason and Experience in Finding God.
76 Theodore Pappas, ?A Houdini of Time,? Chronicles (November 1992), pp. 26-30.
77 Theodore Pappas, ?Redefining Plagiarism,? Chronicles (September 1993), p. 42.
78 Theodore Pappas, ?Redefining Plagiarism,? Chronicles. (Pappas, the managing editor of the magazine Chronicles, is working on the book Martin Luther King, Jr., Plagiarism Story, which is a guaranteed shell-shocker, judging from some of his findings.) Keith D. Miller, an associate professor of English at Arizona State University, feels that King’s writings were merely ?blending,? ?alchemizing,? and ?voice mergings?-not acts of plagiarism. Miller, Voice of Deliverance. I encourage all students at Arizona State University to actively engage in ?voice mergings? in Miller’s class and to skillfully borrow others’ work. In that way, perhaps Miller will understand that they are the same thing. Or, maybe, that is even how Miller became the assistant professor-by submitting others’ work as his own.
79 Congressional Record (September 21, 1965), p. [H]23743. Congressman Michel said similar comments: ?If Dr. King is sincerely interested in advancing the cause of racial peace and harmony-if he is sincerely interested in the well-being of Negroes all over the country-indeed, if he is sincerely interested in the United States of America, then I urge him to deescalate the militancy and disruption which may very likely backfire and cause the loss of valuable ground which has been gained. His return to private life would be a healing and constructive act to advance the cause to which he has dedicated himself, and also will help preserve national unity.? Congressional Record (April 4, 1968), p. H2625.
80 Congressional Record (May 16, 1968), p. E4312.
81 Congressional Record (February 14, 1968), p. S1238.
82 Despite the overall similarity among the communists’ beliefs in different nations, there are marked differences, too. Things that are applicable in China may not have been applicable in Russia. And, the same applies to the U.S., whose Communist Party has always sympathized with other nations but has always had certain differences in philosophy.
83 Mortimer B. Zuckerman, ?End of the Promised Land,? U.S. News & World Report (June 11, 1990), pp. 28-29. Zuckerman, the chairman and editor-in-chief of U.S. News & World Report, says that the Soviet government was responsible for ?the liquidation of the kulaks and peasants.? Those were the very same people whom the socialists claimed to be helping. He continues: ?Soviet officials now concede that Stalin and the party under him were responsible for the deaths of 40 million people.? Ibid.
84 Congressional Record (May 16, 1968).
85 Congressional Record (May 16, 1968), p. E4309.
86 Louisiana Joint Legislative Committee on Un-American Activities, Report No. 4 (November 19, 1963), pp. 100-101.
87 Congressional Record (May 16, 1968), p. E4309.
88 Congressional Record (May 16, 1968), p. 4310.
89 Congressional Record (May 16, 1968), p. E4309. Shuttlesworth had also been involved in a lawsuit. Some Blacks who were members of his congregation filed a suit against him. The suit stated: ?Mr. Shuttlesworth had usurped the power of the church trustees and officers and assumed absolute authority over the church’s property. It is also alleged that he had deposited funds of the church in institutions without authorization of the trustees and that he had denied members the right to call a meeting of the congregation.? Congressional Record (May 28, 1968), p. E4751.
90 Congressional Record (May 29, 1968), p. E4785.
81 Congressional Record (May 16, 1968), p. E4310.
92 Congressional Record (May 16, 1968), p. E4310. King described Aubrey Williams as ?one of the noble personalities of our time.? Congressional Record (May 28, 1968), p. E4752.
93 Richard ?Dick? Craley, one of the founders of the NCAHCUA, was said to be a member of the Communist Party by no less than four former communists who testified before the HCUA. Russell ?Russ? Nixon, another founding member, was identified as a communist by five former communists, testifying before the HCUA. Altogether, 7 of the 13 founding members were identified as communists. Congressional Record (October 4, 1967), p. H13011.
94 Congressional Record (May 16, 1968), p. E4310.
95 Congressional Record (May 16, 1968), p. E4310.
96 Congressional Record (May 16, 1968), p. E4310.
97 The communists have always claimed that they cannot get things because they are ?exploited? and ?oppressed.? They argue that the economic disparities in their imaginary ?class? could not stem from their own inadequacies-their laziness, limited capabilities (other than to rant), and such; therefore, they suggest that everything is the fault of those who work hard to create a large business. Communist Bob Avakian, speaking at the Communist Party’s 1975 Mayday celebration in Chicago, explains the communists’ ?struggle?: ?The fact that our class continues to fight back against the oppression and exploitation that they continually bring down on us has brought the conditions into being that made it possible for the Party of the working class to be formed.? It is highly doubtful that Avakian has ever broke a sweat at his job-or even worked at a job that required hard, physical labor, for that matter. Like most agitators, he only causes problems. Instead of taking pride in hard work, he calls people who work hard ?wage slaves.? He calls people who start businesses the ?slave masters.? He says that the wage slaves and slave masters cannot work together. Bob Avakian, Our Class Will Free Itself and All Mankind (Chicago: Revolutionary Communist Party Publications, 1976). Despite Avakian’s lurid rhetoric, there will always be bosses and employees; that is how all businesses operate-even those that were in Russia. However, the businesses in Russia just had different bosses-namely, the heads of the Communist Party.
98 Congressional Record (May 28, 1968), p. E4751. Leaflets were distributed all over Montgomery-?authorship unknown?-shortly after the incident. ?Aching Feet,? Time (February 18, 1957), p. 19. Some money for King’s Montgomery Improvement Association came in from foreign nations, with the amount totaling to about $225,000 by year’s end. ?How They Did It,? Time (February 18, 1957), p. 20.
99 ?Martin Luther King [Jr.] at Communist Training School,? Augusta Courier (July 8, 1963), p.4.
100 Congressional Record (May 29, 1968), p. E4784.
101 ?Martin Luther King [Jr.] at Communist Training School,? Augusta Courier (July 8, 1963), p.4. The article states: ?The Highlander Folk School was abolished by an act of the Legislature of the State of Tennessee at a later date because it was charged with being a subversive organization.? Evidently, the picture was taken by an employee of the state of Georgia during the Labor Day weekend of 1957.
102 ?Martin Luther King [Jr.] at Communist Training School,? Augusta [Georgia] Courier.
103 Congressional Record (May 28, 1968), p. E4752.
104 Congressional Record (May 28, 1968), p. E4752.
105 Congressional Record (October 4, 1967), p. H13011, citing the New York Times (February 23, 1961). The Times noted, ?The Southern Christian Leadership Conference (King’s organization) and the Highlander Folk School have joined forces to train Negro leaders for the civil rights struggle.? Ibid.
106 ?Martin Luther King [Jr.] at Communist Training School,? Augusta Courier (July 8, 1963), p. 4.
107 Congressional Record (May 16, 1968), p. E4310.
108 Congressional Record (May 16, 1968), p. E4310. Rosa Parks had been corresponding with King four months prior to her refusal to move. Miller, Voice of Deliverance, p. 176.
109 Congressional Record (October 4, 1967), p. H13011.
110 Congressional Record (October 4, 1967), p. H13011. King said that he could not have received any training while he was there at that time. True. It seems that he was already quite familiar with the concepts taught at the Highlander. His purpose there was to give a speech-to train others.
111 Congressional Record (October 4, 1967), p. H13011.
112 Congressional Record (April 23, 1968), p. E3205.
113 Congressional Record (May 28, 1968), p. E4751.
114 Congressional Record (September 20, 1965), p. A5300.
115 Congressional Record (May 16, 1968), p. E4309.
116 Congressional Record (May 28, 1968), p. E4751.
117 Congressional Record (May 16, 1968), p. E4310.
118 Congressional Record (May 16, 1968), p. E4310.
119 Congressional Record (May 16, 1968), p. E4310.
120 Congressional Record (May 28, 1968), p. E4751.
121 Congressional Record (May 16, 1968), p. E4310.
122 Congressional Record (May 16, 1968), p. E4310.
123 Congressional Record (May 16, 1968), p. E4310.
124 Congressional Record (May 16, 1968), p. E4310.
125 Congressional Record (May 16, 1968), p. E4310.
126 Congressional Record (May 28, 1968), p. E4751.
127 Congressional Record (May 16, 1968), p. E4310.
128 Congressional Record (May 16, 1968), p. E4311.
129 Congressional Record (May 16, 1968), p. E4310.
130 Congressional Record (May 16, 1968), p. E4310.
131 Congressional Record (May 16, 1968), p. E4310.
132 Congressional Record (May 16, 1968), p. E4310.
133 Congressional Record (May 16, 1968), p. E4310, citing St. Louis Globe-Democrat (October 26, 1962).
134 Congressional Record (May 16, 1968), p. E4310.
135 Congressional Record (May 16, 1968), p. E4310.
136 Congressional Record (May 16, 1968), p. E4310.
137 Reed Irvine and Cliff Kincaid, Profiles of Deception: How the News Media Are Deceiving the American People (Smithtown, New York: Book Distributors, Inc., 1990), p. 101.
138 Quayle et al., Martin Luther King, Jr., p. 82.
139 Quayle et al., Martin Luther King, Jr., p. 81.
140 Quayle et al., Martin Luther King, Jr., p. 84. King seemed to like manifestos, probably modeling his after the Communist Manifesto. Aside from the Birimingham Manifesto, he signed the Manifesto of Southern Negro Leaders Against Passage of New Sedition Laws by the States, probably hoping to avoid getting into trouble for his seditious activities.
141 Congressional Record (May 28, 1968), p. E4752. Shuttlesworth has recently had some problems. A woman rented an apartment from him. She sued him, ?claiming the minister grabbed her buttocks, kissed her against her will, and wanted a sexual relationship.? Mark Curnutte, ?Minister Says Group Is Out to Destroy Him,? The Cincinnati Enquirer (April 8, 1994). He won the case because there were no other witnesses than the woman mentioned, but it seems that such occurrences of sexual harassment or discrimination have been a familiar sight to the civil rights advocates. For instance, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, a group of militant Blacks who bombed buildings and who mostly were not students, had been paying a 12-year-old girl $50 a month for her services. Thirteen African-Americans, including James Webb, a field secretary for the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, were arrested for having ?carnal knowledge? of the 12-year-old girl. ?13 Negroes Arrested in Selma Sex Case,? The Birmingham News (October 31, 1965). Recently, Chavis of the NAACP agreed to pay a woman over $300,000 to keep the lid on a sexual misconduct case. Associated Press, ?NAACP’s Chavis Ignores Calls for His Resignation,? The Cincinnati Enquirer (August 5, 1994), p. A12.
142 Congressional Record (May 28, 1968), p. E4752.
143 Congressional Record (May 28, 1968), p. E4752.
144 Congressional Record (May 28, 1968), p. E4752. Young once gave the U.S. government a warning: ?If Congress is not prepared to give up part of its power, all of it will be taken away.? Congressional Record (April 23, 1968), p. E3205.
145 Congressional Record (May 16, 1968), p. E4310.
146 Congressional Record (May 28, 1968), p. E4752.
147 Congressional Record (May 28, 1968), p. E4752.
148 Congressional Record (May 28, 1968), p. E4752.
149 Congressional Record (May 28, 1968), p. E4752.
150 Congressional Record, May 28, 1968, p. E4752.
151 Congressional Record (May 28, 1968), p. E4752.
152 Congressional Record (May 16, 1968), p. E4310, citing the New York Times (October 2, 1964), p. 6. Unfortunately, hoaxes of that nature, intended to generate sympathy for a cause that would not ordinarily be accepted, still occur today.
153 Congressional Record (May 28, 1968), p. E4752.
154 Congressional Record (May 29, 1968), p. E4785.
155 Congressional Record (May 28, 1968), p. E4752.
156 Congressional Record (May 29, 1968), p. E4785.
157 Congressional Record (May 29, 1968), p. E4784.
158 Congressional Record (May 29, 1968), p. E4786, quoting Britain’s Intelligence Digest and Weekly Review (May 1963).
159 Congressional Record (April 23, 1968), p. E3205.
160 The Daily Worker (May 17, 1959), p. 15.
161 Congressional Record (May 29, 1968), p. E4785, citing Challenge (November 1, 1958).
162 Congressional Record (May 16, 1968), p. E4310.
163 Congressional Record (May 16, 1968), p. E4311.
164 Congressional Recrord (May 16, 1968), p. E4311.
165 Congressional Recrord (May 16, 1968), p. E4311.
166 Congressional Recrord (October 4, 1967), p.H13005.
167 Congressional Recrord (October 4, 1967), p. H13015.
168 Congressional Recrord (May 16, 1968), p. E4311. James Bevel, an organizer of the Spring Mobilization Committee, was one of the top men in King’s Southern Christian Leadership Conference. Bevel had met with Viet Cong officials in July of 1967 in Stockholm, Sweden. His wife, Diane, went to Hanoi in December of 1966 and discussed things with women in the government there.
169 Congressional Record (May 29, 1968), p. E4786.
170 Alan Stang, It’s Very Simple: The True Story of Civil Rights (Boston: Western Islands, 1965), p. 77, citing the New York World-Telegram (July 23, 1964), p. 2.
171 Stang, It’s Very Simple; p. 128, citing J. B. Matthews, testimony before the Florida Legislation Investigation Committee, Vol. 1, pp. 41-42.
172 Stang, It’s Very Simple, p. 128; citing J. B. Matthews, testimony before the Florida Legislation Investigation Committee, Vol. I, pp. 41-42. (See footnote 35, chapter 9.)