The Diamond-Water Paradox Essay, Research Paper
Marginal Utility: The Missing Link in the Diamond-Water Paradox.
American Heritage Dictionary describes a paradox as ?a seemingly contradictory
statement that may nonetheless be true?. I feel this definition applies to ?The
Diamond-Water Paradox?. Water is of immeasurable value to human survival, however
it has virtually little or no monetary or trade value. While this seems to be a
contradiction, it is in fact the absolute truth. On the other hand a diamond has no real
value of use to mankind, however it is one of the most sought after and expensive items
in the world. How is this? How can statements which seem so ludicrous be true? We
must take certain factors into account when answering these and other questions.
Economic status, supply and demand of a particular good, and tastes and preferences all
must be considered when determining the value of a good to any particular individual.
The fact is that what is of value to person A may be of little or no value to person B.
Smith feels that the true value of water(1) based on it?s usefulness must be the most
valuable substance in the world, for without it life as we know it would cease to exist.
However, as we all know our opinions of the usefulness of any given good is in constant
flux. What is of a high value and one point in time may be useless to us at another point
in time. Because of this fact the usefulness of what we consider to be everyday goods
(such as water) are often taken for granted.
It is definitely possible for a good to command other commodities in exchange
even if it has little or no value in use. A persons level of satisfaction received from a
good is based on certain factors, two of which are economic status, and tasted and
preferences. Referring back to ?The Diamond-Water Paradox?, a person who is of
higher economic status is more often than not going to be less concerned with the simpler
things in life. Where his next meal might come from or whether he?ll have shelter for the
night isn?t really even a thought. These people are free to pursue the ?finer things in
life?. While these items often have to value in use, they are often sought after by upper
society because they are used as a status symbol to show the wealth such a person might
possess. Knowing this fact one could argue that such items do in fact have a distinct
value in use to the purchaser, for it helps to distinguish them from common society
A persons tastes and preferences also help determine the value of a good to a
particular individual. An art lover for instance may see a piece of work that to the
average person may seem to be worthless. The art lover however may be completely
enthralled by the piece and be willing to pay top dollar to possess it. The Mona Lisa
would likely seem, to be a worthless painting to someone completely ignorant to the art
world, but as we know the piece is virtually priceless, and is known the world wide. So,
in essence, a good with seemingly no value in use may command other commodities
depending on the amount of satisfaction it gives to the buyer, and the amount of
purchasing power that buyer maintains.
There does seem to be a definite implied value judgment as it pertains to Smith?s
view of a diamonds value in use. As mentioned previously, everyone values things
differently and in different ways. To some people money is the most important thing in
the world, while others seek a more spiritual source of value, such as family or religion.
It seems that Smith views an items value in terms of it?s necessity to human survival.
While it is hard to argue such a belief, we know that some people place a higher value on
things beyond the realm of human existence. Smith views a diamond as a sort of fringe
benefit, it is of no real value to us and is merely one of life?s seemingly meaningless
?extras?. He also wonders how such an item of no use can command such a high return
of exchange and be so revered since, in actuality, it has no use in determining human
survival.
People have searched for a resolution to the ?The Diamond-Water Paradox? for
years. One could attempt to resolve the paradox by attempting to use the concept of
marginal utility (MU) as it relates to total utility (TU). To a person suffering of
dehydration in the middle of the desert a glass of water would most likely have a higher
MU than any other substance know to man. He would seemingly maintain a very high
level of MU for the next few glasses of water, with each glass his TU would continue to
grow, but his MU for each glass would gradually begin to fall. He will desire each next
glass increasingly less and less. Eventually his MU for the water would reach the point
that he would receive a greater satisfaction from another good (perhaps a plane ride out
of the desert). This is how most of us feel as it pertains to water. While we are in
constant need of the substance, we seem to have a never ending supply that is available at
our simple command. Because of this we receive greater satisfaction from goods which
may, in actuality, have a lower real value to us. This helps us to maximize our consumer
optimization. Consumer optimization says if our MU for one item falls below the MU of
another item, we should choose the second item, whatever it may be. Therefor the
demand of the first good would begin to level off while the demand for another good will
begin to rise.
When looking at or measuring MU we must take into account the scarcity of the
given good. Take ?The Diamond-Water Paradox? for example. As noted, MU is the
satisfaction we get from each next unit of the good consumed. As we consume more and
more water our MU for each next unit will fall. We can eventually reach a point where
water will give us negative satisfaction. As we begin to receive each unit of diamonds
our MU will be very high. Now, as we receive each next unit of diamonds our MU will
begin to fall, but the drop-off will be much less per unit than that of the water. The
reason for this is scarcity. Scarcity as a whole makes an object much more desirable to
society because of it?s relatively high demand and worth. Obviously diamonds are much
more scarce in our world than water. As a result of this fact diamonds retain a high
monetary value in society. Here, the diamond/water tradeoff is an obvious one. If we
were to be given the choice between water and diamonds, assuming our everyday needs
for survival are being met, we would surely select the diamonds because such a high
monetary value would bring a much higher rate of exchange in the marketplace