THE ADJECTIVE.................................................................................................................................................................................. 162
Semantic characteristics................................................................................................................................................................. 162
Morphological composition........................................................................................................................................................... 163
Morphological characteristics...................................................................................................................................................... 164
Adjectives of participial origin...................................................................................................................................................... 166
Adjectives and adverbs.................................................................................................................................................................... 166
Patterns of combinability................................................................................................................................................................ 166
Syntactic functions........................................................................................................................................................................... 168
Substantivized adjectives................................................................................................................................................................ 168
THE PRONOUN..................................................................................................................................................................................... 169
Morphological composition and categorical characteristics................................................................................................. 170
Subclasses of pronouns and their functions................................................................................................................................ 170
THE NUMERAL.................................................................................................................................................................................... 182
Morphological composition........................................................................................................................................................... 183
Morphological characteristics...................................................................................................................................................... 184
Patterns of combinability................................................................................................................................................................ 184
Syntactic function............................................................................................................................................................................. 186
Substantivized numerals.................................................................................................................................................................. 187
THE STATIVE....................................................................................................................................................................................... 187
Morphological characteristics...................................................................................................................................................... 188
Syntactic function............................................................................................................................................................................. 188
THE ADVERB....................................................................................................................................................................................... 189
Morphological composition........................................................................................................................................................... 190
Morphological characteristics...................................................................................................................................................... 190
Semantic characteristics................................................................................................................................................................. 192
Syntactic functions and patterns of combinability.................................................................................................................... 192
Positional characteristics............................................................................................................................................................... 194
MODAL WORDS................................................................................................................................................................................... 194
THE PREPOSITION............................................................................................................................................................................. 195
Morphological composition........................................................................................................................................................... 196
Semantic characteristics................................................................................................................................................................. 196
Combinability of prepositions....................................................................................................................................................... 198
Positional characteristics............................................................................................................................................................... 198
THE CONJUNCTION........................................................................................................................................................................... 199
Morphological composition........................................................................................................................................................... 200
Semantic characteristics................................................................................................................................................................. 200
Combinability of conjunctions and their functions................................................................................................................... 201
THE CONJUNCTS................................................................................................................................................................................ 203
THE PARTICLE.................................................................................................................................................................................... 205
THE INTERJECTION.......................................................................................................................................................................... 206
Syntax
THE SENTENCE................................................................................................................................................................................... 207
Structural classification of sentences........................................................................................................................................... 208
THE SIMPLE SENTENCE.................................................................................................................................................................. 209
Two-member sentences..................................................................................................................................................................... 209
One-member sentences..................................................................................................................................................................... 209
Elliptical (incomplete) sentences................................................................................................................................................... 210
COMMUNICATIVE TYPES OF SENTENCES............................................................................................................................... 211
Declarative sentences...................................................................................................................................................................... 211
Interrogative sentences.................................................................................................................................................................... 212
Imperative sentences........................................................................................................................................................................ 216
Exclamatory sentences..................................................................................................................................................................... 218
NON-SENTENCE UTTERANCES..................................................................................................................................................... 219
NEGATION............................................................................................................................................................................................. 220
PARTS OF THE SENTENCE.............................................................................................................................................................. 224
Ways of expressing parts of the sentence..................................................................................................................................... 224
Levels of syntactical analysis......................................................................................................................................................... 227
The subject......................................................................................................................................................................................... 228
The predicate..................................................................................................................................................................................... 233
Structural classification of the predicate.................................................................................................................................... 233
The simple predicate........................................................................................................................................................................ 233
The compound predicate................................................................................................................................................................. 235
Agreement of the predicate with the subject............................................................................................................................... 243
The object........................................................................................................................................................................................... 249
Ways of expressing the object........................................................................................................................................................ 249
Types of object................................................................................................................................................................................... 250
Objects to adjectives........................................................................................................................................................................ 256
Objects to statives............................................................................................................................................................................. 257
Objects to adverbs............................................................................................................................................................................ 257
The attribute...................................................................................................................................................................................... 257
Ways of expressing attributes......................................................................................................................................................... 257
The position of attributes................................................................................................................................................................ 261
Types of connection between an attribute and its headword.................................................................................................. 262
The apposition................................................................................................................................................................................... 263
Types of connection between an apposition and its headword............................................................................................... 264
The adverbial modifier.................................................................................................................................................................... 265
Obligatory and non-obligatory adverbial modifiers................................................................................................................. 265
Detached adverbial modifiers........................................................................................................................................................ 266
Ways of expressing adverbial modifiers....................................................................................................................................... 267
Structural classification of the adverbial modifier................................................................................................................... 268
Semantic characteristics of the adverbial modifier................................................................................................................... 269
Semantic classes of adverbial modifiers...................................................................................................................................... 269
Independent elements of the sentence........................................................................................................................................... 274
WORD ORDER...................................................................................................................................................................................... 276
The grammatical function of word order..................................................................................................................................... 276
The emphatic and communicative functions of word order..................................................................................................... 280
The linking function of word order............................................................................................................................................... 282
THE PREDICATIVE COMPLEXES.................................................................................................................................................. 282
The subjective predicative constructions .................................................................................................................................... 284
The objective predicative constructions...................................................................................................................................... 286
The absolute nominative constructions........................................................................................................................................ 291
The for-to-infinitive constructions................................................................................................................................................ 294
The gerundial predicative constructions..................................................................................................................................... 295
THE COMPOSITE SENTENCE......................................................................................................................................................... 296