Грамматика английского языка Морфология. Синтаксис (стр. 51 из 71)
Conjunctions connecting two or more homogeneous subjects
§ 63. A plural verb-predicate is used in the following cases:
1. With homogeneous subjects connected by and.
Sun and air are necessary for life.
Tom and Mary are my friends.
The ebb and the flow of the tide are regular.
Note:
However, with structures where coordinated nouns refer to one thing or person a singular verb-predicate is used.
Bread and butter is not enough for breakfast. (one object is meant)
Bacon and eggs makes a traditional English breakfast. (one dish is meant)
The painter and decorator is here. (one person is meant)
If the article is repeated, the reference is to two persons or objects, and a plural verb-predicate is used.
The bread and the butter are on the table. (two separate object are meant)
The painter and the decorator are here. (two persons are meant)
Likewise, when a singular noun-subject has two attributes characterizing the same person or non-person connected by and it has a singular verb and the article is not repeated.
A tall and beautiful girl was waiting in the office.
A black and white kitten was playing on the hearth rug.
But if the attributes characterize different persons or non-persons the verb is in the plural and the article is repeated.
A black and a white kitten were playing on the hearth rug. (A black kitten was playing and a white kitten was playing.)
The yellow and the red car were badly damaged.
However, the article is repeated before each attribute only with countable nouns. Uncountables have no article.
In modern hotels hot and cold water are supplied in every room.
American and Dutch beer are both much lighter than British.
Good and bad taste are shown by examples.
With plural nouns only one article is used.
The Black and Mediterranean Seas never freeze.
2. With homogeneous subjects connected by both... and.
Both the bread and the butter are fresh.
Both the teacher and the students have come.
§ 64. With homogeneous subjects connected by the conjunctions not only... hut also, either... or, or, neither... nor the verb-predicate agrees with the nearest noun-subject. (This is the so-called “proximity rule”.)
Either my sister or my parents are at home.
Either my parents or my sister is at home.
Neither you nor I am right.
Neither I nor you are right.
Not only my parents but also my brother knows about it.
Not only my brother but also my parents know about it.
Is Tom or Mary eager to meet you at the station?
§ 65. With homogeneous subjects connected by the conjunctions as well as, rather than, as much as, more than the verb-predicate agrees with the first one.
My parents as well as my sister are teachers.
My sister as well as my parents is a teacher.
The manager as well as/rather than/more than/as much as the members of the board is responsible for the
present situation.
Notional agreement
§ 66. Notional agreement is to be found in the following cases:
1. In modern English agreement there may be a conflict between form and meaning. It refers first of all to subjects expressed by nouns of multitude (see § 176, II), which may denote plurality being singular in form. In such cases the principle of grammatical agreement is not observed and there appears the so-called notional agreement, when the choice of the number is based on the fact whether the group of beings is considered as one whole or, as a collection of individuals taken separately (as discrete ones).
Thus the nouns of multitude (band, board, crew, committee, crowd, company, clergy, cattle, family, gang, group, guard, gentry, infantry, jury, militia, police, poultry, team) may have both a plural verb-predicate and a singular one depending on what is meant - a single undivided body or a group of separate individuals.
A new government has been formed.
The government have asked me to go, so I am leaving now.
It was now nearly eleven о'clock and the congregation were arriving...
The congregation was small.
How are your family?
Our family has always been a very happy one.
The commanding officer does not know where his cavalry is and his cavalry are not completely sure of
their situation.
The crowd was enormous.
The crowd were silent.
The police is already informed.
I don’t know what the police are doing.
The cattle is in the mountains.
The cattle have stopped grazing. They know before you hear any sound that planes are approaching.
The jury decides whether the accused is guilty or not.
While the jury were out, some of the public went out for a breath of fresh air.
2. Subjects expressed by nouns denoting measure, weight, time, etc., have a singular verb-predicate when the statement is made about the whole amount, not about the discrete units.
Ten years is a long time.
Another five minutes goes by.
A million francs is a lot of money.
3. Notional agreement is also observed with subjects expressed by word-groups including nouns of quantity: a/the number of..., a/the majority of..., (a) part of..., the bulk of..., a variety of... . These admit of either a singular or a plural verb-predicate.
| The number (количество) of pages in this book isn’t large. | It was Sunday and a number (многие) of people were walking about. In Elisabeth’s reign the bulk of English vegetable supplies were imported from Holland. |
4. Subjects expressed by such invariable plural nouns as goods (товар, товары), contents (содержание, содержимое), riches (богатство, богатства), clothes (одежда), wages (зарплата), eaves (карниз крыши) have a plural verb.
His wages were only 15 shillings a week.
I asked her what the contents were about.
His clothes were shabby.
The goods were delivered on time.
5. Subjects expressed by such invariable singular nouns as hair, money, gate, information (сведения), funeral (похороны), progress (успехи), advice have a singular verb-predicate. These are called “singularia tantum” “всегда единственное число», as they have no plural.
Her hair is beautiful.
The money is mine.
The gate is open.
The information was unusually interesting.
If the funeral is so detestable to you, you don’t have to go to it.
The corresponding Russian nouns used as subjects are either plural invariables (деньги, ворота, похороны) or have both the singular and the plural forms (совет - советы, новость - новости).
6. Subjects expressed by invariable nouns ending in -s (“pluralia tantum” «всегда множественное число») and denoting an indivisible notion or thing have a singular verb-predicate : measles (корь), mumps (свинка), billiards, dominoes, linguistics, economics, news, headquarters (штаб), works (завод).
No news is good news.
The new works that has been built in our district is very large.
Though nouns in -ics which are names of sciences and other abstract notions have a singular agreement when used in their abstract sense; they may have a plural verb-predicate when denoting qualities, practical applications, different activities, etc. (ethics – “moral rules”, gymnastics – “physical exercises”). Thus these nouns may be followed by either a singular or a plural verb.
 statistics | a branch of science collected numbers, figures representing facts |
Statistics is a rather modern branch of mathematics.
These statistics show deaths per 1,000 of population.
Statistics on this subject are available,
 tactics | the art of arranging military forces for battle methods |
Tactics is one of the subjects studied in military academies.
Your tactics are obvious. Please, don’t insult my intelligence.
| politics | a profession political affairs, political ideas |
Politics is a risky profession.
Politics have always interested me.
What are your politics?
 ceramics | the art of making bricks, pots, etc. articles produced in this way |
Ceramics is my hobby.
Where he lives isn’t the provinces as far as ceramics are concerned, it’s the metropolis.
7. Subjects expressed by substantivized adjectives denoting groups of people (the blind, the dumb and deaf, the eminent, the mute, the old, the poor, the rich, etc.) always take the plural verb-predicate.
He did not look an important personage, but the emminent rarely do.
§ 67. The object is a secondary part of the sentence referring to some other part of the sentence and expressed by a verb, an adjective, a stative or, very seldom, an adverb completing, specifying, or restricting its meaning.
She has bought a car.
I’m glad to see you.
She was afraid of the dog.
He did it unexpectedly to himself.
§ 68. The object can be expressed by:
1. A noun in the common case or a nominal phrase, a substantivized adjective or participle.
I saw the boys two hours ago.
The nurses were clad in grey.
First of all she attended to the wounded.
Greedily he snatched the bread and butter from the plate.
2. A noun-pronoun. Personal pronouns are in the objective case, other pronouns are in the common case, or in the only form they have.
I don’t know anybody here.
I could not find my own car, but I saw hers round the corner.
He says he did not know that.
3. A numeral or a phrase with a numeral.
At last he found three of them high up in the hills.
4. A gerund or a gerundial phrase.
He insists on coming.
A man hates being run after.
5. An infinitive or an infinitive phrase.
She was glad to be walking with him.
Every day I had to learn how to spell pages of words.
6. Various predicative complexes.
She felt the child trembling all over.
I want it done at once.
Everything depends on your coming in time.
7. A clause (then called an object clause) which makes the whole sentence a complex one.
I don’t know what it was.
He thought of what he was to say to all of them.
Thus from the point of view of their structure, objects may be simple, phrasal, complex or clausal.*
* Complex objects with verbal and non-verbal second elements (objective predicatives) are treated in detail in § 124-129.
§ 69. From the point of view of their value and grammatical peculiarities, four types of objects can be distinguished in English:
the direct object, the indirect object, and the cognate object.
1. The direct object is a non-prepositional one that follows transitive verbs, adjectives, or statives and completes their meaning. Semantically it is usually a non-person which is affected by the action of the verb, though it may also be a person or a situation. The situation is expressed by a verbal, a verbal phrase, a complex, or by a clause.
I wrote a poem.
You like arguing, don’t you?
Who saw him leave?
I don’t know what it all means.
She was ready to sing.
When the direct object is expressed by an infinitive (or an infinitive phrase or a clause) it may be preceded by the formal introductory object it (see § 78).
I find it exciting to watch tennis.
He found it hard to believe the girl.
2. The indirect object also follows verbs, adjectives and statives. Unlike the direct object, however, it may be attached to intransitive verbs as well as to transitive ones. Besides, it may also be attached to adverbs, although this is very rare.
From the point of view of their semantics and certain grammatical characteristics indirect objects fall into two types:
a) The indirect object of the first type is attached only to ditransitive verbs. It is expressed by a noun or pronoun which as a rule denotes (or, in the case of pronouns, points out) a person who is the addressee or recipient of the action of the verb. So it is convenient to call an object of this type the indirect recipient object. It is joined to the headword either without a preposition or by the preposition to (occasionally for). The indirect recipient object is generally used with transitive verbs.
He gave the kid two dollars.
She did not tell anything to anyone.
Will you bring a cup of coffee for me?
b) The indirect object of the second type is attached to verbs, adjectives, statives and sometimes adverbs. It is usually a noun (less often a pronoun) denoting an inanimate object, although it may be a gerund, a gerundial phrase or complex, an infinitive complex or a clause. Its semantics varies, but it never denotes the addressee (recipient) of the action of the governing verb. So it may be called the indirect non-recipient object. The indirect non-recipient object can only be joined to its headword by means of a preposition.
One must always hope for the best.
She’s not happy about her new friend.