"I've a sceptre in hand, I've a crown on my head;
Let the Looking-Glass creatures, whatever they be,
Come and dine with the Red Queen, the White Queen, and me."
And hundreds of voices joined in the chorus: -
Then fill up the glasses as quick as you can,
And sprinkle the table with buttons and bran:
Put cats in the coffee, and mice in the tea
And welcome Queen Alice with thirty-times-three!
"O Looking-Glass creatures," quothe Alice, "draw near!
'Tis and honour to see me, a favour to hear:
'Tis a privilege high to have dinner and tea
Along with the Red Queen, the White Queen, and me!"
Then came the chorus again: -
Then fill up the glasses with treacle and ink,
Or anything else that is pleasant to drink:
Mix sand with the cider, and wool with the wine
And welcome Queen Alice with ninety-times-nine!” [Carroll].
Этой песней в предпоследней главе “Through the Looking Glass” пирующие на коронации Алисы гости прославляют новую королеву. Эта песня является пародией на 2 первые строфы песни “Bonny Dundee” из пьесы Вальтера Скотта “The Doom of Devorgoil”. Приведем эти 2 строфы:
“To the Lords of Convention 'twas Claver'se who spoke,
'Ere the King's crown shall fall there are crowns to be broke;
So let each Cavalier who loves honour and me,
Come follow the Bonnet of Bonny Dundee.
'Come fill up my cup, come fill up my can,
Come saddle your horses, and call up your men;
Come open the West Port, and let me gang free,
And itХs room for the bonnets of Bonny Dundee!'” [Scott].
в) Пародии на определенный жанр или стиль.
В первый пункт классификации представляется целесообразным включить не только пародии, источники которых могут быть непосредственно названы, но и те стихотворные включения, в которых можно обнаружить следы определенного поэтического и литературного жанра, поскольку они также являются признаком интертекстуальной связи произведения Кэрролла с другими произведениями. Эти включения в силу наличия у них индивидуальных особенностей, связанных с отсутствием в них аллюзии на какой либо конкретный текст, требуют от переводчика совершенно иного подхода, так как перед ним стоит задача отразить в переводе именно жанр пародируемого произведения, то есть обратить внимание на стилистическое оформление текста перевода. Поэтому подобные включения будут проанализированы отдельно.
1) JABBERWOCKY
“Twas brillig, and the slithy toves
Did gyre and gimble in the wabe;
All mimsy were the borogoves,
And the mome raths outgrabe.
`Beware the Jabberwock, my son!
The jaws that bite, the claws that catch!
Beware the Jujub bird, and shun
The frumious Bandersnatch!'
He took his vorpal sword in hand:
Long time the manxome foe he sought –
So rested he by the Tumtum gree,
And stood awhile in thought.
And as in uffish thought he stood,
The Jabberwock, with eyes of flame,
Came whiffling through the tulgey wook,
And burbled as it came!
One, two! One, two! And through and through
The vorpal blade went snicker-snack!
He left it dead, and with its head
He went galumphing back.
`And has thou slain the Jabberwock?
Come to my arms, my beamish boy!
O frabjous day! Calloh! Callay!
He chortled in his joy.
`Twas brillig, and the slithy toves
Did gyre and gimble in the wabe;
All mimsy were the borogoves,
And the mome raths outgrabe.”[Carroll].
Этим стихотворением, которое в самом начале произведения “Through the Looking Glass” Алиса находит в зазеркальной книжке, Кэрролл, по замечанию М. Гарднера, высмеивает героическую рыцарскую поэзию средневековья и прежде всего присущий ей высокопарный стиль и книжную лексику.
2) The sun was shining on the sea,
Shining with all his might:
He did his very best to make
The billows smooth and bright
And this was odd, because it was
The middle of the night.
The moon was shining sulkily,
Because she thought the sun
Had got no business to be there
After the day was done
"It's very rude of him," she said,
"To come and spoil the fun!"
The sea was wet as wet could be,
The sands were dry as dry.
You could not see a cloud, because
No cloud was in the sky:
No birds were flying over head
There were no birds to fly.
The Walrus and the Carpenter
Were walking close at hand;
They wept like anything to see
Such quantities of sand:
"If this were only cleared away,"
They said, "it WOULD be grand!"
"If seven maids with seven mops
Swept it for half a year,
Do you suppose," the Walrus said,
"That they could get it clear?"
"I doubt it," said the Carpenter,
And shed a bitter tear.
"O Oysters, come and walk with us!"
The Walrus did beseech.
"A pleasant walk, a pleasant talk,
Along the briny beach:
We cannot do with more than four,
To give a hand to each."
The eldest Oyster looked at him.
But never a word he said:
The eldest Oyster winked his eye,
And shook his heavy head
Meaning to say he did not choose
To leave the oyster-bed.
But four young oysters hurried up,
All eager for the treat:
Their coats were brushed, their faces washed,
Their shoes were clean and neat
And this was odd, because, you know,
They hadn't any feet.
Four other Oysters followed them,
And yet another four;
And thick and fast they came at last,
And more, and more, and more
All hopping through the frothy waves,
And scrambling to the shore.
The Walrus and the Carpenter
Walked on a mile or so,
And then they rested on a rock
Conveniently low:
And all the little Oysters stood
And waited in a row.
"The time has come," the Walrus said,
"To talk of many things:
Of shoes - and ships - and sealing-wax
Of cabbages - and kings
And why the sea is boiling hot
And whether pigs have wings."
"But wait a bit," the Oysters cried,
"Before we have our chat;
For some of us are out of breath,
And all of us are fat!"
"No hurry!" said the Carpenter.
They thanked him much for that.
"A loaf of bread," the Walrus said,
"Is what we chiefly need:
Pepper and vinegar besides
Are very good indeed
Now if you're ready Oysters dear,
We can begin to feed."
"But not on us!" the Oysters cried,
Turning a little blue,
"After such kindness, that would be
A dismal thing to do!"
"The night is fine," the Walrus said
"Do you admire the view?
"It was so kind of you to come!
And you are very nice!"
The Carpenter said nothing but
"Cut us another slice:
I wish you were not quite so deaf
I've had to ask you twice!"
"It seems a shame," the Walrus said,
"To play them such a trick,
After we've brought them out so far,
And made them trot so quick!"
The Carpenter said nothing but
"The butter's spread too thick!"
"I weep for you," the Walrus said.
"I deeply sympathize."
With sobs and tears he sorted out
Those of the largest size.
Holding his pocket handkerchief
Before his streaming eyes.
"O Oysters," said the Carpenter.
"You've had a pleasant run!
Shall we be trotting home again?"
But answer came there none
And that was scarcely odd, because
They'd eaten every one.[Carroll]
Это стихотворение в главе “Tweedledum and Tweedledee” (“Through the Looking Glass”) читают Алисе персонажи главы с целью ее развлечь. Оно является пародией на жанр поэмы, т.к. несет а себе ее характерные черты – это размер, ритмика, длина произведения, употребление возвышенной лексики.
г) пародии на пословицы.
Поскольку пословицы невозможно интерпретировать вне речевой ситуации, в которой они используются, представляется целесообразным привести отрывок из произведения “Alice in Wonderland”, в который входит встречающаяся в произведении пародия на пословицу, выделив ее курсивом. Это отрывок из главы “The Mock Turtle’s Story” произведения “Alice in Wonderland”, в котором Алиса ведет беседу с Герцогиней, склонной находить во всем мораль, которую она и выражает при помощи пословиц (в этом отрывке также много и реально существующих пословиц и поговорок):“`The game's going on rather better now,' she said, by way of keeping up the conversation a little.
`'Tis so,' said the Duchess: `and the moral of that is--"Oh,
'tis love, 'tis love, that makes the world go round!"
'`Somebody said,' Alice whispered, `that it's done by everybody
minding their own business!'
`Ah, well! It means much the same thing,' said the Duchess,
digging her sharp little chin into Alice's shoulder as she added,
`and the moral of THAT is--"Take care of the sense, and the
sounds will take care of themselves."'
Выделенная фраза является пародией на английскую пословицу “Take care of the pence and the pound will take care of itself.”
2. Цитаты :
а) в виде пословиц и поговорок;
Приводим пословицы и поговорки в контексте. Пословицы и поговорки выделены курсивом.
1) Этот диалог происходит в главе “The Queen’s Croquet Ground” (“Through the Looking Glass”). Король замечает, что Алиса, вместо того, чтобы принимать участие в игре в крокет, которую устроила королева, с кем-то разговаривает, и подходит, чтобы выяснить, с кем.
“Who ARE you talking to?' said the King, going up to Alice, and
looking at the Cat's head with great curiosity.
`It's a friend of mine--a Cheshire Cat,' said Alice: `allow me
to introduce it.'
`I don't like the look of it at all,' said the King:
`however, it may kiss my hand if it likes.'
`I'd rather not,' the Cat remarked.
`Don't be impertinent,' said the King, `and don't look at me
like that!' He got behind Alice as he spoke.
`A cat may look at a king,' said Alice. `I've read that in
some book, but I don't remember where.'”[Carroll: 129].
2) “`The game's going on rather better now,' she said, by way of keeping up the conversation a little.
`'Tis so,' said the Duchess: `and the moral of that is--"Oh,
'tis love, 'tis love, that makes the world go round!"
Выделенная фраза – последняя строка Дантова “Рая”. Далее продолжение того же отрывка:
'`Somebody said,' Alice whispered, `that it's done by everybody
minding their own business!'
`Ah, well! It means much the same thing,' said the Duchess,
digging her sharp little chin into Alice's shoulder as she added,
`and the moral of THAT is--"Take care of the sense, and the
sounds will take care of themselves."' `How fond she is of finding morals in things!' Alice thought to
herself.
`I dare say you're wondering why I don't put my arm round your
waist,' the Duchess said after a pause: `the reason is, that I'm
doubtful about the temper of your flamingo. Shall I try the
experiment?'
`HE might bite,' Alice cautiously replied, not feeling at all
anxious to have the experiment tried.
`Very true,' said the Duchess: `flamingoes and mustard both
bite. And the moral of that is--"Birds of a feather flock
together."'
`Only mustard isn't a bird,' Alice remarked.
`Right, as usual,' said the Duchess: `what a clear way you
have of putting things!'
`It's a mineral, I THINK,' said Alice.
`Of course it is,' said the Duchess, who seemed ready to agree
to everything that Alice said; `there's a large mustard-mine near
here. And the moral of that is--"The more there is of mine, the
less there is of yours."'
`Oh, I know!' exclaimed Alice, who had not attended to this
last remark, `it's a vegetable. It doesn't look like one, but it
is.'
`I quite agree with you,' said the Duchess; `and the moral of
that is--"Be what you would seem to be"--or if you'd like it put
more simply--"Never imagine yourself not to be otherwise than
what it might appear to others that what you were or might have
been was not otherwise than what you had been would have appeared
to them to be otherwise."'
`I think I should understand that better,' Alice said very
politely, `if I had it written down: but I can't quite follow it
as you say it.'[Carroll, 134].
б) цитаты из учебников.
Курсивом выделена цитата из учебника по истории, по которому училась Алиса. В главе “The Caucas Race and a Long Tale” (“Alice in Wonderland”) Мышь старается при помощи нее заставить присутствующих, которые вымокли в море, высохнуть.
Ahem!' said the Mouse with an important air, `are you all ready?
This is the driest thing I know. Silence all round, if you please!
"William the Conqueror, whose cause was favoured by the pope, was
soon submitted to by the English, who wanted leaders, and had been
of late much accustomed to usurpation and conquest. Edwin and
Morcar, the earls of Mercia and Northumbria--"'
`Ugh!' said the Lory, with a shiver.
`I beg your pardon!' said the Mouse, frowning, but very
politely: `Did you speak?'
`Not I!' said the Lory hastily.
`I thought you did,' said the Mouse. `--I proceed. "Edwin and
Morcar, the earls of Mercia and Northumbria, declared for him:
and even Stigand, the patriotic archbishop of Canterbury, found
it advisable--"'
`Found WHAT?' said the Duck.
`Found IT,' the Mouse replied rather crossly: `of course you
know what "it" means.'
`I know what "it" means well enough, when I find a thing,' said
the Duck: `it's generally a frog or a worm. The question is,
what did the archbishop find?'
The Mouse did not notice this question, but hurriedly went on,
`"--found it advisable to go with Edgar Atheling to meet William
and offer him the crown. William's conduct at first was
moderate. But the insolence of his Normans--" How are you
getting on now, my dear?' it continued, turning to Alice as it
spoke.
`As wet as ever,' said Alice in a melancholy tone: `it doesn't
seem to dry me at all.' [Carroll: 57].