Comparing the three approaches discussed above (semantic,functional, and contextual) we have ample ground to conclude that havevery much in common as the main criteria of phraseological units appearto be essentially the same, i.e. stability and idiomaticity or lack ofmotivation. It should be noted however that these criteria as elaborated inthe three approaches are sufficient mainly to single out extreme cases:highly idiomatic non-variable and free (or variable) word-groups.
The main features of this new approach which is now more or lessuniversally accepted by Soviet linguists are as follows:[35]
12. Phraseology is regarded as a self-contained branch of linguistics and not as a part of lexicology.
13. Phraseology deals with a phraseological subsystem of language and not with isolated phraseological units.
14. Phraseology is concerned with all types of set expressions.
15. Set expressions are divided into three classes: phraseological units (e.g. red tape, mare's nest, etc.), phraseomatic units (e.g. win avictory, launch a campaign, etc.) and borderline cases belonging to the mixed class. The main distinction between the first and the second classes is semantic: phraseological units have fully or partially transferred meanings while components of phraseomatic units are used in their literal meanings.
16. Phraseological and phraseomatic units are not regarded as word-equivalents but some of them are treated as word correlates.
17. Phraseological and phraseomatic units are set expressions and their phraseological stability distinguishes them from free phrases and compound words.
Phraseological and phraseomatic units are made up of words of different degree ofwordness depending on the type of set expressions they are used in. (cf. e.g. small hours and red tape). Their structural separateness, an important factor of their stability, distinguishes them from compound words.
CONCLUSION
The vocabulary of a language is enriched not only by words but also by phraseological units. Phraseological units are word-groups that cannot be made in the process of speech, they exist in the language as ready-made units.
They are compiled in special dictionaries. The same as words phraseological units express a single notion and are used in a sentence as one part of it. American and British lexicographers call such units «idioms». We can mention such dictionaries as: L.Smith «Words and Idioms»[36], V.Collins «АBook of English Idioms»[37] etc In these dictionaries we can find words, peculiar in their
semantics (idiomatic), side by side with word-groups and sentences. In thesedictionaries they are arranged, as a rule, into different semantic groups.
Phraseological units can be classified according to the ways they are formed, according to the degree of the motivation of their meaning, according to their structure and according to their part-of-speech meaning.
A.V. Koonin classified phraseological units according to the way they are formed[38]. He pointed out primary and secondary ways of forming phraseological units.
By the classification of Academician V.Vinogradov phraseological units are divided into three groups: phraseological combinations, phraseological unities and phraseological fusions[39].
Proverb is a brief saying that presents a truth or some bit of useful wisdom. It is usually based on common sense or practical experience. The effect of a proverb is, to make the wisdom it tells seem to be self-evident. The same proverb often occurs among several different peoples. True proverbs are sayings that have been passed from generation to generation primarily by word of month. They may also have been put into written form.
A proverb consists of a short sentence which contains a general piece of wisdom.
A proverb contains wisdom which has been handed down from one generation to the next.
A proverb describes situations which happened beforeand which are repeated again and again.
Universal proverbs –On comparing proverbs of culturally unrelated parts of the world, one finds several ones having not only the same basic idea but the form of expression, i.e. the wording is also identical or very similar. These are mainly simple expressions of simple observations or simple ethical concepts, but not all expressions of simple observations became proverbs in every language.
Regional proverbs – In culturally related regions - on the pattern of loan-words - many loan-proverbs appear beside the indigenous ones. A considerable part ot them can be traced back to the classical literature of the region's past, in Europe the Greco-Roman classics, and in the Far East to the Sanskrit and Korean classics.
Local Proverbs– In a cultural region often internal differences appear, the classics (e.g. the Bible or the Confucian Analects) are not equally regarded as a source of proverbs in every language. Geographical vicinity gives also rise to another set of common local proverbs. These considerations are illustrated in several European and Far-Eastern languages, as English and Korean.
Proverbs were always the most vivacious and at the same time the most stable part of the national languages, suitable competing with the sayings and aphorisms of outstanding thinkers. In the proverbs and sayings picturesqueness of national thinking was more vivid expressed as well as their features of national character.
Proverbs were always the most vivacious and at the same time the most stable part of the national languages, suitable competing with the sayings and aphorisms of outstanding thinkers. In the proverb-; and sayings picturesqueness of national thinking was more vivid expressed as well as their features of national character. The proverbs and sayings are the paper of folklore which is short but deep in the meaning. They express the outlook of the amount of people by their social and ideal functions. Proverbs and sayings include themselves the some certain features of historical development and the culture of people.
The semantic sphere of proverbs is very wide and cannot limit them.
The proverbs describe the every branch of people's life.
The fact is that proverbs and sayings are similar in meaning in spite of their diversity in form and language.
While investigating on the given qualification theme we have analused proverbs on the semantic point of view. We have come across on the> following noticeable themes, such as Friendship, Motherland, Time, Knowledge, Beauty, Health, Work, and a lot other different subjects. We have classified some example on the given topics:
Friendship
1. A friendship in need is a friend indeed.
2. A friend's frown is better than a foe's smile.
3. Among friends all things are common.
4. Even reckoning makes long friends.
5. Who keeps company with the wolf, will learn to howl.
Motherland
1. East or West home is best.
2. Ever}' bird likes its own nest.
3. There is no place like home.
4. Never cast dirt into that fountain if which you have sometimes drunk.
5. Don't cut the bough you are standing on.
Time
1. Time and tide wait for no man.
2. Time cures all things.
3. Time tlies.
4. Time is money.
5. Time is wonders
1. To know everything is to know nothing.
2. Soon learnt soon forgotten.
3. Live and learn.
4. It's never too late to learn.
5. A little knowledge is a dangerous thing.
Beauty
1. All that glitters is not gold.
2. Appearances are deceptive
3. Handsome is as handsome does.
4. There is no rose without the thorn.
Health
5. An apple a day keeps the doctor away.
6. A sound mind in a sound body.
7. Early to bed and early to rise makes a man health's, wealth's and wise.
8. Good health is above wealth.
9. Health is not valued till sickness comes
Work
1. A bad workman always blames his tools.
2. A good beginning is half the worn.
3. A good beginning makes a good ending.
4. An attempt is not tortue.
5. All is well that ends well.
THE LIST OF THE USED LITERATURE
1.A.A.Schachmatov. Syntax. Schachmatov's work
2. A.V. Kunin'sАнгло-русский фразеологический словарь, 1956.
3. A.V. Kunin English Idioms.3d ed. M., 1967.
4. A universal proverb definition. Scholars around the world continue to find their own so-called "working definitions," of which some of the most recent attempts in the English language are those by Shirley Arora, Nigel Barley, Otto Blehr, Margaret Bryant, David Cram, Alan Dundes, Galit Hasan-Rokem, George Milner, Peter Seitel
5. Bartlett Jere Whiting, "The Nature of the Proverb." 1932
6. Benjamin Franklin 'Poor Richard's Almanac'.
7. Collins V. «А Book of English Idioms»
8. English idioms in: Logan Smith. Words and Idioms. London, 1928.
9. Word-Groups and Phraseological Units', § 1, p. 64.
10. I.V. Arnold, A.I. Smirnitsky the interpretation of these term in the textbooks on lexicology
11. Jan Fredrik Kindstrand "The Greek Concept of Proverbs,"
12. "Parallel Proverbs" (1964).
13. Shalant, and Soyoo Hyunjoo Park "The Sun and the Moon."
14. Smith L. «Words and Idioms».
15. The Advanced Learner's Dictionary by A. Hornby, E. Gatenby, H. Wake-field; The Universal English Dictionary by H. Wild and Л General Service List of English Words with Semantic Frequencies by M, West.
16. V.V. Vinogradov. Investigation of English phraseology A.V. Kunin (A.B. Кунин).
17. V.I. Dal "dictionary of vivid Russian language"
18. V.T. Dal "the proverbs of Russian nation"
19. Yoo Yushin. "The Legend of Tan-gun." Golden Pond Press, 1987.- 270p.
20. A.B. Кунин. Английская фразеология. M., 1970.
21. Англо-русский фразеологический словарь. М., 1955).
22. А.И. Смирницкий. Лексикология английского языка. М., 1956.
23. "o'zbek tilining izohli lug'ati"
24. http:// www.cogweb.com
25. http:// www.proverbs. com
[1] The process of lexicalization may be observed in Modern English too. The noun yesterday, e.g., in the novel by Thomas Hardy occurs as a free word-group and is spelled with a break yester day.
[2] See sources of English idioms in: Logan Smith. Words and Idioms. London, 1928.
[3] L.Smith «Words and Idioms»
[4] V.Collins «АBook of English Idioms»
[5]A. Smirnitsky
[6] A. Smirnitsky's
[7] A. Smirnitsky's
[8]I.V. Arnold
[9]A.I. Smirnitsky
[10] It should be recalled that the first attempt to place the study of various word-groups on a scientific basis was made by the outstanding Russian linguist A.A.Schachroatov in his world-famous book Syntax. Schachmatov's work was continued by Academician V.V. Vinogradov whose approach to phraseology is discussed below. Investigation of English phraseology was initiated in our country by pro.: A.V. Kuriin (A.B. Кунин. Фнгло-русскийфразеологическийсловарь. М., 1955)юяееalso A.V. ■'Cur.in English Idioms.3d ed. M., 1967.
[11] cf„ e g„ the interpretation of these term in the icxiboofs or: Wicology by i.V. Arnold, A.I. Smirnitsky and in A.V.Kunin's Англо-русскийфразеологическийсловарь, М., 1956.
[12] for a different interpretation of the term idiom see: А.И. Смирницкий. ЛексикологияанглийскогоязыкаМ 1956.
[13] this approach to English phraseology is closely bound up with the research work carried out in the field of Russian phraseology by Academician V.V. Vinogradov.
[14] This classification was suggested by Academician V. V. Vinogradov,
[15] See 'Word-Groups and Phraseological Units', § I, p 6-t. Here the terms phraseological collocations and habitual collocations are used synonymously
[16] Cf., e.g., The Advanced Learner's Dictionary by Л. Hornby, E. Gftenby, H. Wake-field; The Universal English Dictionary by H. Wyld and J1 General Service List of English Words with Semantic Frequencies jy VI, West.
[17] Word-Groups and Phraseological Units', § 1, p. 64.
[18] Geoffrey Chaucer\
[19] Miguel de Ce rvantes'
[20]Don qui xote (1005, 1615) " Benjamin Franklin
[21] V.I. Dal
[22] o'zbek tilining izohli lug'ati''
[23] Dal, Shoiochov
[24]V.V. Vinogradov
[25]N.N. Amosova
[26]N.N. Amosova
[27] Jaii Fredrik Kindstrand
[28] Bartlett Jere Whiting
[29] Shirley Arora, Nigel Barley, Otto Blehr, Margaret Bryant, David Cram, Alan Dundes, Galit Hasan-Rokem, George Milner, Feter Seitel
[30]http:// www, cog web aim
[31]www.proverbs. com
[32] Yoo Yushin. " The Legend of Tan-gun." Golden Pcnd Press, 1987,- 270p.
[33]Paralle! Proverbs" (1964)
[34] Shalant, and Soyoo Hyunjoo Park "The Sun and the Moon."
[35] this approach is suggested and worked out by prof. A.V.Kunin. -See: A.B. Кунин. АнглийскаяфразеологияM 1970
[36] L.Smith «Words and Idioms»
[37] V.Collins «АBook of English Idioms»
[38] А.V. Koonin
[39]V.Vinogradov