1. conventionality of expression;
2. absence of any emotiveness;
3. the encoded character of language; symbols and
4. a general syntactical mode of combining several pronouncements into one sentence.[1, Stylistics]
On the approaches of translation used in Newspaper Style are pragmatic value of publicistic headlines and difficulties of their translation it is grammatical features in English and Russian Headlines.
2.2 On the ways of translation the publicistic headlines
The second half of the 20th century has seen the in-depth study of translation, which is sometimes called Theory of Translation, Science of Translation, Translation Linguistics, or even Translatology.
It has been claimed abroad that translation studies began in 1972 with Holmes’s paper presented at the Third International Congress of Applied Linguistics, “The Name and Nature of Translation Studies”.1 However, unfortunately, European and American scholars seemed to have been unaware of the achievements of the Russian school of translation studies. Works by V. Komissarov, A. Shveitser, A. Fedorov and many others confirmed the status of translation studies as a discipline of its own even in the 1950s.
The main concern of translation theory is to determine appropriate translation methods for the widest possible range of texts and to give insight into the translation process, into the relations between thought and language, culture and speech.
There are several aspects of this branch of linguistics:
· General theory of translation, whose object is general notions typical of translation from any language.
· Specific (or partial, in terms of Holmes) theory of translation that deals with the regularities of translation characteristic of particular languages - for example, translation from English into Russian and vice versa.
· Special (partial) theory of translation that pays attention to texts of various registers and genres.
There are two terms corresponding to the Russian word “перевод”: translation and interpretation. Those who discriminate between the terms refer the term ‘translation’ to the written text, and the term ‘interpretation’ to oral speech. However, the terms are polysemantic: to interpret might mean “to render or discuss the meaning of the text” – an outstanding British translation theorist P.Newmark, for example, states that “when a part of a text is important to the writer’s intention, but insufficiently determined semantically, the translator has to interpret”.4 The term to translate is often referred to any (written or oral) manner of expression in another language.
We should also differentiate the terms translating and rendering. When we translate, we express in another language not only what is conveyed in the source text but also how it is done. In rendering, we only convey the ideas (the what) of the source text.
Several approaches are used for defining translation: in Newspaper Style with pragmatic value of publicistic headlines and difficulties of their translation it is grammatical features in English and Russian Headlines.
2.3 On the difficulties in translation the publicistic headlines
Often enough headings of newspapers or news on the Internet in English are difficult enough for understanding. First, they have the grammatical nuances. Secondly, in headlines use the words which are not so often used in colloquial speech. In this post we will stop on grammatical features of headlines.
1) As a rule, headlines represent incomplete sentences, that is, they consist only of keywords, without articles, auxiliary verbs etc.
4 found guilty in London bomb plot – то есть - four people have been found guilty in London bomb plot (четырех человек объявили виновными в подготовке взрывов в Лондоне);
Heavy fighting at Lebanese camp ( горячий бой произошел в ливанском лагере)
Steegmans too strong for Boonen - Steegmans is too strong for Boonen (Стигменс слишком силен для Бунена) [5]
2) In headlines simple times are used: Present Simple used, when event has already occurred or occurs. It can sometimes be used Present Continuous to underline process or change of the present situation. But, besides, it will be used without an auxiliary verb. If in headline says that will occur in future, may be it is the infinitive will be used. (A verb + a participle to) [6]
Pakistani soldiers storm mosque (солдатыПакистанавзялиштурмоммечеть);
Strong earthquake strikes Mexico - Strong earthquake has struck Mexico (сильное землетрясение обрушилось на Мексику);
NASA robot to dig on Mars ( робот НАСА будет раскапывать почву Марса);
Actress Collette expecting child – Actress Collette is expecting child (актриса Колетт ждет ребенка) [5]
3) the translation must retain the same communicative function as the source text. The description and enumeration of speech functions can be found in the work by R. Jakobson, who pointed out the following:
· informative function, i.e. conveying information: Лаврымоегоконкурентанедаютмнеспать. – I am green with envy because of the success of my competitor.
· emotive function, i.e. expressing the speaker’s emotions: Накойлешиймнетакойдруг? – What on earth do I need such a friend for?
· poetic function, i.e. aesthetic impact:
Tiger, Tiger, burning bright,
In the forests of the night;
What immortal hand or eye,
Could frame thy fearful symmetry? (W.Blake)
Тигр, Тигр, в лесу ночном
Мрачный взгляд горит огнем.
Чья бессмертная рука
Жизнь влила в твои бока? (Пер. К.Филатовой)
These sentences have only one thing in common: general intent of communication, communication aim, or function. At first glance, the source and target texts have no obvious logical connection; they usually designate different situations, have no common semes (i.e. smallest components of meaning), and have different grammar structures.
Chapter IIIEstablishing pragmatic value of publicistic headlines and difficulties of their translation from English into Russian
3.1 Pragmatic functions of publicistic headlines
This research paper is based on studying 100 headlines, 50 of publicistic headlines analyzing in pragmatic functions and 50 headlinesdifficulties of their translation from English into Russian.
The selected headlines have been divided according to pragmatic functions. Here is given the analysis of Russian and English headlines on the syntactical levels.
Metaphor. transference of names based on the associated likeness between two objects, on the similarity of one feature common to two different entities, on possessing one common characteristic, on linguistic semantic nearness, on a common component in their semantic structures.
Examples:
· “COSMIC DANCE”
(Daily Nation, 01.02.10, p.12)
The metaphor “Cosmic Dance” implies unusual dances. The redactor compares “cosmic” and “dance”, because in “Lime club” the dances were unusual, like a cosmic movement.
· “BLANKET OF DARKNESS FROM VOLCANO”
(Daily Nation, 05.04.10, p.25)
Blanket of Darkness” is a genuine metaphor, quite unexpected and rather effective. “Blanket of Darkness” implies a present from volcano or volcano eruption in Iceland.
· “THE STORM CLOUDS THICKENED OVER UKRAINE”
(КОММЕРСАНТЪ, 09.08.09, p.15)
The storm clouds thickened” implies tense struggle between elections. In order to demonstrate the hot atmosphere in Ukraine, the redactor uses the metaphor The storm clouds thickened
· “A BRIDGE TO THE PAST”
(Daily Nation, 14.01.10, p.5)
A bridge to the past” is a symbol of connection between present and the past time. The redactor uses “A bridge to the past”, to show that the old fashion from the past comes back in the present.
· “A TURBULENT PAST LEONARDO”
(Daily Nation, 08.02.10, p.43)
“A turbulent past” implies active life in the past. Leonardo de Capri tells in interview about his “turbulent” life at teenage age.
Metonymy. transference of names based on nearness, on axtralinguistic, actually existing relations between the objects, denoted by the words, on common grounds of existence in reality but different semantic. It is based on a different type of relation between the dictionary and contextual meanings, a relation based not on identification, but on some kind of association connecting the two concepts which these meanings represent.
Examples:
· “SPORT IN NASA MISSION CONTROL”
· (Daily Nation, 23.03.10, p.32)
“NASA Mission control” is a metonymy and it symbolizes Texas, for which the call sign is "Houston". The author implies that the spot was in Houston, largest city in the state of Texas.
· “THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH BEGIN TALKS ON NEW LAWS”(Daily Nation, 12.03.10, p.21)
“The Roman Catholic Church” is metonymy which author uses. He implies the pope and Catholic bishops, which met in Nakuru to discuss the draft constitution, among other things.
· “NEW FILM IN AMERICAN FILM & TELEVISION INDUSTRY”
(Daily Nation, 12.03.10, p.45)
The American film and television industry” is metonymy which symbolizes a section of Los Angeles. It is Hollywood which makes a new film.
· “GENEVA EIGHT RED CROSS STAFF KIDNAPPED IN DRC”
(Daily Nation, 13.03.10, p.26)
“Eight red cross staff” is eight person, who symbolizes the doctors from Switzerland. They were kidnapped in DRC. “DRC” is Democratic Republic of Congo, which is also abbreviation.
· "The White House said: `Yes' FOCUS ON CONSTITUTION "
(Daily Nation, 13.03.10, p.9)
"The White House said" is a metonym for the president and his staff, because the White House is not part of the president or his staff but is closely associated with them.
Irony. - is a stylistic device in which the contextual evaluative meaning of a word is directly opposite to its dictionary meaning - is the contradiction between the said and implied. It must not be confused with humour.
Examples:
Hard Times Café’ close down
(Daily Nation, 16.03.10, p.08)
"Hard Times Cafe" is irony and implies something bad and sad. The restaurant called "Hard Times Cafe" has closed down because of the recession productions.
3.2 Difficulties in translation of publicistic headlines
Usually headings share on three categories:
1) headlines in Present simple. They say that someone has made any action.
Examples:
· “UnemployedManWins £ 1M” - Безработный выиграл миллион фунтов.
(Daily Nation, 14.03.10, p.16)
The tendency to laconic and brevity in headlines has led to that unnecessary, insignificant words from them simply throw out. In particular, it concerns definite and indefinite articles, in headlines very seldom can to meet such words, as “a”, “an” and “the”. Also the auxiliary verbs fall out from headlines. The usual sentence is - unemployed man has won a million pounds.
· “Forgotten Brother Appears” - Забытыйбратвернулся
(Daily Nation, 14.03.10, p.19)
As the usual offer: A forgotten brother has appeared. In headline we have not the article “a” and
the auxiliary verb “has”.
· “Violent protests in Jakarta over Islamic tomb” - СильныепротестывДжакартенаИсламскиемогилы
(Daily Nation, 15.03.10, p.26)
As the usual offer: The violent has protested in Jakarta over Islamic tomb. In headline we have not the article “the” and the auxiliary verb “has”.
· “Woman locks up utility worker over unpaid bill” - Женщина запирает сервисного рабочего по неоплаченному счету.
(Daily Nation, 15.03.10, p.31)
As the usual offer: A women has locked up the utility worker over of the unpaid bill.
· “Villagersbuildongloryofschooltheyburnt 57 yearsago” - Сельские жители основываются на славе школы, которую они сожгли 57 лет назад
(Daily Nation, 14.03.10, p.33)
As the usual offer: The villagers have built on the glory of school, which they burnt 57 years ago.
· “Revenue triples after return of displaced families” - Доходутраиваетсяпослевозвращенияперемещенныхсемей
(Daily Nation, 14.03.10, p.48)
As the usual offer: The revenue has tripled after return of the displaced families.
· “Adebayor says bye-bye to international soccer” - Адебайорговоритпокамеждународномуфутболу.
(Daily Nation, 14.03.10, p.51)
As the usual offer: Adebayor has said bye-bye to the international soccer.
· “Champion seeks to set new record in London” - ЧэмпайонстремитсяустановитьновыйрекордвЛондоне
(Daily Nation, 16.03.10, p.9)
As the usual offer: The champion has sought to set a new record in London.
· “Amendnewlawsfirst, sayelders” - Исправьте новые законы сначала, говорят старшие
(Daily Nation, 02.03.10, p.10)
As the usual offer: Amend the new laws, have said the elders.
· “Large team of runners battle for qualification” - Большаякомандабегуновборютсязаквалификацию
(Daily Nation, 16.03.10, p.16)
As the usual offer: Large team of the runners have battled for the qualification.
· “Nuclear Weapons Obama presses for Iran action” - ЯдерноеоружиеОбамытребуетдействияИрана
(Daily Nation, 07.03.10, p.34)
As the usual offer: The Nuclear Weapons Obama has pressed for Iran action
· “Chelsea closer to Premier League crown” - ЧелсиприближаетсякГлавнойкоронеЛиги
(Daily Nation, 01.03.10, p.11)
As the usual offer: Chelsea has closered to the Premier League.
· “Kaunya leaves for Germany” - KониауезжаетвГерманию
(Daily Nation, 07.03.10, p.22)
As the usual offer: Kaunya has left for Germany.
· “Ford Kenya launches pro-draft campaign” – ФордКинианачинаеткампаниюпроекта
(Daily Nation, 05.03.10, p.8)
As the usual offer: Ford Kenya has launched the pro-draft campaign.
· “Councillorsvowtoblockproposedlaws” - Члены совета клянутся заблокировать предложенные законы
(Daily Nation, 14.02.10, p.21)
As the usual offer: The councilors have vowed to block the proposed laws.
· “Uhuru pushes for consensus ahead of vote to avert chaos” - Ухюрустремитсяксогласиямпередголосованием, чтобыпредотвратитьхаос
(Daily Nation, 14.02.10, p.24)
As the usual offer: Uhuru has pushed for consensus ahead of the vote, that to avert chaos.
· “CBKsueoverseizedpapers” - CBK предъявляют иск по конфискованным бумагам
(Daily Nation, 18.02.10, p.55)
As the usual offer: CBK have sued over seized papers.
2) headlines with use of a participle of last time. The”y say that something has been made in passive voice.
Examples:
· “Sixkilledinrailaccident” - В железнодорожной аварии погибло шестеро
(Daily Nation, 22.01.10, p.15)
As the usual offer: Six people have been killed in a rail accident. In headline we have not “have been” the auxiliary verb, which indicates in the participle of last time and the article “a”.
The headline:
· “New Shakespeare play discovered”-НайденановаяпьесаШекспира
(Daily Nation, 14.12.08, p.77)
As the usual offer would sound so: A new Shakespeare play has been discovered. Also in it we have not articles and auxiliary verbs. In the same way the ordinary offer “The White House has been damaged by a bomb” turns to laconic headline:
· “WhiteHousedamagedbybomb”- Здание правительства пострадало от взрыва бомбы.
(Daily Nation, 22.11.08, p.55)
· “Four die in crashes on highway” - Вавариинашоссечетверопогибло
(Daily Nation, 24.11.08, p.17)
As the usual offer: Four people have been dead in the crashes on highway.
· “Hawker held after killing of trader” – Уличного торговца задержали после убийства торговца
(Daily Nation, 14.09.09, p.67)
As the usual offer: The hawker has been held after killing of trader.