remain ahead = to stay in a forward or leading position
The following group of values is dominated by verbal component "image Movement ".
For example: walk away from = to leave (something or someone) on foot;
walk about / around = to walk in a place without direction;
spin along = to move forward easily a quite quickly with a
rolling movement;
frighten away / off = to make (somebody) leave through fear.[5][9] [6]
1.3 The Basic Structure of Phrasal Verbs
Phrasal verbs are verbs that form a combination (a phrase) with postpositions or prepositions and nouns. Such structures are usually idiomatic in meaning, and should be memorized as such.[6]
For studying purposes, phrasal verbs can be divided into basic structures:[6]
1. Preposition and post preposition
2. Verbs with prepositions and noun
3. Verbs with post prepositions
1.3.1 Prepositions and Postpositions
Prepositions and postpositions in English are the same in form but different in function. Some prepositions are not used as postpositions, for example, "at, for, from, into, onto, of, with". Some postpositions are not used as prepositions, for example, "ahead, apart, aside, away, back, and forward". But some of them can function as prepositions or postpositions depending on the structure in which they are used, for example, "about, across, along, around, behind, by, down, in, off, on, out, over, through, under, up", so it's important to understand the difference between them.
A preposition is used with a noun (or its substitute), stands before it, and is not stressed. A preposition is part of a prepositional noun phrase, which means that a preposition always needs a noun. A postposition is used with a verb, stands after it, usually forms an idiom with this verb (it changes the meaning of the verb), and is always stressed. A postposition is part of the predicate, which means that a postposition always needs a verb. Some linguists call postpositions "adverbs", "adverbial particles" or "preposition-adverbs", because they are adverbial in character.
How did he get in? How did he get in / into the house?
In the first sentence, the postposition "in" is part of the phrasal verb "get in", is stressed, and in this sentence receives the falling intonation. In the second sentence, the preposition "in" or "into" belongs to the noun "the house" and is not stressed.[5]
1.3.2 Verbs with prepositions and nouns
In the structure "Verb with preposition and noun", the verb dictates the choice of a specific preposition, and this means that in many cases you need to learn these phrases by heart. A suitable noun or its substitute (a pronoun, a gerund, a question word) is always used in this structure and always stands after its preposition. In the lists of phrasal verbs, the words "something" and "someone" show where exactly the nouns stand in this structure. A suitable noun is chosen by the speaker according to the situation, for example:
We agreed on the price of 50 dollars.
We agreed on going to Rome in the spring
We agreed on it. What did you agree on?
Quite often, a direct object (another noun or pronoun) goes between the verb and the preposition with noun in this structure, for example:
I congratulate you on your new job.
She blames Mike for the loss of her bag.
1.3.3 Verbs with Postpositions
There are two key elements in this structure: the verb and the postposition. Phrasal verbs of this kind present the most difficulty as they are highly idiomatic, i.e. their meaning is not predictable from the meanings of their components, and they usually have several idiomatic meanings. Many verbs can be used as phrasal verbs with postpositions, but the most important and the most productive are the verbs of motion: break, bring, call, check, close, come, cut, do, drop, fall, get, give, go, look, make, move, pick, pull, push, put, run, set, show, take, tear, turn and some others. And the verb "be" - the biggest verb of English.
The meaning of a phrasal verb with a postposition is usually idiomatic, that is, different from the literal meanings of its components, for example:
This question is too difficult, I give up.
Watch out! The bus is coming!
The phrasal verb "give up" is idiomatic, because it means "stop trying to do something", not the sum of the literal meanings of the words "gives" and "up". The phrasal verb "watch out" is idiomatic, because it means "be careful", not the sum of the literal meanings of the words "watch" and "out".
A verb with a postposition may be without any noun after it, or there may be a direct or indirect object after it, for example: [2]
They broke in.
They broke in the door.
They broke in through the window.
When a pronoun is used instead of a noun, it usually stands between the verb and the postposition:
They brought up their three sons in Italy
They brought them up in Italy
Fill out the form. Fill it out.
In spoken English, a direct object in the form of a short noun or someone's name may also stand between the verb and the postposition:
Let in Anna Blake. Let Anna Blake in.
But the postposition shouldn't be placed too far from the verb or separated from it by intonation, because they create the meaning of the phrasal verb together.
Many verbs with postpositions, especially the verbs of motion, are also used in the literal meaning of the phrasal verb:
Put your boots out, I'll clean them.
Don't forget to put out the light before you leave.
Look up the new words.
He stopped reading and looked up.
The phrasal verb "put out" in the first sentence literally means "put outside" and is the sum of the meanings of "put" and "out". The phrasal verb "put out" in the second sentence is idiomatic, because it means "extinguish (the light, fire or cigarette)" and is not the sum of the literal meanings of "put" and "out".
The phrasal verb "look up" in the first sentence is idiomatic, because it means "find in a reference book" and is not the sum of the literal meanings of "look" and "up". The phrasal verb "look up" in the second sentence literally means "look up" and is the sum of the meanings of "look" and "up".
The literal meanings of verbs with postpositions present no difficulty for understanding. The literal meanings of the postpositions in such phrasal verbs often correspond to the meaning of prefixes in Russian verbs, for example: come in, go out, run out, give away, turn away, etc.
But verbs with postpositions very rarely, if ever, have only the literal meaning or only one meaning. Verbs with postpositions are verbs with several idiomatic meanings, and this means that they can be used in different situations instead of more specific verbs.
Verbs with postpositions are mostly used in simple tenses. Verbs with postpositions are usually less formal than their one-word synonyms and because of that they are widely used in conversational English.
There is a variation (or combination) of the two basic structures described above, in which a verb with a postposition takes a preposition and a suitable noun after it, for example:
I'm looking forward to your letter.
She walked out on him.
He is through with the report.
So, in the chapter one I tried to give common definition to verbs, its function on the English grammar. Also I gave a History and a definition of Phrasal verb and its categories, classification and the basic structure of Phrasal verbs.[6]
CHAPTER II. ENGLISH PHRASAL VERBS LISTS.
2.1 List of Phrasal Verbs
In this chapter we tried to show different of the meanings of Phrasal verbs which depend on preposition: [7][4][10]
Phrasal verbs with the preposition "on" which express:
beginning something:
come on Just as I entered the house, all the lights came on.
catch on I don't think this strange new fashion catches on.
bring on The waiter brought the next dish on.
continuing with something:
go on We begin work at 12 and go on till half-past one.
keep on Keep on with your studies, however hard it
sometimes seems.
stay on You're supposed to stop work here when you're 65,
but many people are allowed to stay on.
drag on The writer dragged on an unhappy existence for many
years until in the end she killed herself.
"Progressing"
move on Let's move on to the business of the meeting.
get on It is getting on for supper-time.
come on A storm is coming on.
"Wearing"
put on He put his coat on hurriedly and ran out of the house.
try on She tried on new dress and shoes
throw on Mr. Smith threw on the coat and disappeared
slip on He stopped only long enough to slip a coat on.
On - Other meanings
look on Two men stole the jewels while a large crowd looked on
pick on Pick on one job and get it done.
take on Don't take on so!
Phrasal Verbs with "In"
"Arriving/Entering"
come in "Come in!" called the director when he heard the knock at his door.
drop in Let's drop in on Jim and Mary
pop in One of the guests popped in to say goodbye
get in Please get the children in, their dinner's ready.
check in Has Mr. Light checked in at the hotel yet?
"Beginning"
bring in We may have to bring extra workers in to help us with this big job.
phase in The teacher phase in the children to the new game.
set in Rain set in.
"Being involved"
call in The director has just called in to say that he'll be late.
fill in I'm just filling in here temporarily.
put in I put in two hours on my English studies every day.
join in He joins in our conversation
go in for How long has Jim gone in for collection stamps?
"Collapsing/Surrendering"
cave in The last firm he worked for caved in
do in You'd better go ahead; I'm done in and must rest
here.
give in The two boys fought until one gave in.
chuck in Jim has chucked in his studies.
"Understanding"
sink in You could see how his cheeks had sunk in.
take in I was taken in by his appearance.
Phrasal Verbs with "Up"
"Increasing/Improving"
go up The barometer is going up at a tremendous rate
grow up When Jack grows up he wants to be a fireman
pick up Jim dropped his pen and bent to pick it up.
push up Shops are no longer allowed to push up their prices
speed up The tempo of music speeds up
bump up Two more good results will bump up your average.
brush up I must brush up my French.
do up But who is to do up your room every day?
dress up Mary (was) dressed up for the party.
"Completing/Finishing"
use up John felt used up
clear up When you've finished your meal, please clear up the kitchen.
drink up Drink up, then I'll refill your glass.
end up Be careful, you could end up by getting hurt.
follow up The director will follow up the committee's suggestions.
"Damaging/Disrupting"
blow up It looks as if it's blowing up for severe weather.
break up In spring the ice on the Great Lakes breaks up.
wind up I'm afraid he's wound up.
mess up She really messed up my life.
mix up My papers are all mixed up.
slip up Someone must have slipped up.
split up Can you split up this piece of wood?
"Happening/Creating"
come up I'll let you know if anything comes up.
bring up I was brought up to respect the law.
come up with I had to run to come up with her.
think up What have you been thinking up?
make up These three articles make up the whole book.
"Approaching/Reaching"
go up I want to go up to London next week.
draw up The train drew up in the station.
catch up He spent six months catching up with his studies.
face up to She is too young to face up to the truth about her father.
live up to You must live up to law.
"Preparing/Arranging"
warm up The sun warmed up the seat nicely
draw up He soldiers were drawn up in battle lines.
set up My father me set up a Mother's day.
soften up You go in and soften father up, and then I'll ask him for the money.
fix up Can you fix up a meeting with the director?
Other Meanings
show up Show the doctor up when he comes.
take up I will not take up any more of your time.
put up with I can't put up with it any longer.
make up for Your office must make up for a loss.
Phrasal Verbs with "Down"
"Decreasing/Reducing"
bring down The gunners brought down three planes.
calm down Calm down, there's nothing to worry about.
come down The plane came down safely in spite of the mist.
cut down Your article will have to be cut down to fit into the book.
die down The fire is dying down, put some more wood on!
keep down If there's shooting going on, keep down.
narrow down Let's narrow an argument down.
play down Politicians have to learn to play down to the voters.
slow down The severe snowstorm has slowed the traffic down.
scale down The number of visitors scales down.
"Failing/Destroying"
break down The police broke the door down.
let down Don't let down now, just when the job's nearly finished.
close down Darkness closed down on the city.
step down The quantity of medicine to be taken can be stepped down
gradually after the first week.
turn down Why do you turn down the volume on the radio ?
"Writing"
take down Can you take down this address?
jot down I must jot down that telephone number before I forget it.
get down Get down every word she says.
put down Would you put them down to my account?
write down Write down, please, this examples.
scribble down I scribbled down the telephone number, and now I can't read it.
"Defeating/Collapsing"
break down Peace talks have broken down in the Middle East.
bring down Shopkeepers have been asked to bring down their prices.
crack down The government has promised to crack down on criminal activity.
hunt down We've been hunting down a good cheap house all over the city.
knock down The price was knocked down to 3 dollars.
wear down The record is worn down.
Other Meanings
get down to It's time we got down to work.
look down on She looked down on Jim and thought he was not worthy of her daughter.
pin down It is difficult to pin down the exact meaning of this verb.
put down He put his heavy bag down on the ground.
Phrasal Verbs with "Out"
"Outside/Leaving"
break out Three men broke out of prison yesterday.
go out I don't think you should out with that bad cold.
move out When do you moved out?
pop out I had just popped out for a breath of fresh air.
set out He set out for work an hour ago.
check out I'm afraid old Charlie has checked out.
"Excluding/Removing"
cancel out His good qualities and his faults cancel out.
cross out Cross out the last two names, they're not members any more.
keep out Do keep children out of mischief.
kick out Don't kick the cat out like that, it's cruel.
leave out No possibility must be left out.
opt out It can not be that he opted out of society.
pull outА good holiday will pull you out.
rule out A sudden storm ruled out the boat race.