Management of organization (стр. 3 из 5)

4) What is ongoing evaluation based on?

Exercise 3. Match the left part with the right:

1.Strategic thinking	a)are translated downward into more specific operational plans
2. Results-oriented strategic plans	b)is necessary for successful strategic man agement and planning.
3. Strategic management effectively	c) are more decentralized today.
4.Strategy formulation and implementation	d) merges strategic planning, implementation, and control.

Exercise 4. Open brackets choosing the right words:

Problems (predicted/encountered) along the way should be detected by the strategic control or by ongoing evaluation and (subjected/implemented) to corrective action.

The speaking module

II. Speaking Exercises:

Exercise 1. Describe strategic management, strategic thinking,result-oriented strategic plans, time series forecasts, event timing forecasts

using the suggested words and expressionsas in example:

strategic managementensuring, ongoing, environment, competitively, fit, ever-changing, implementationexample:Strategic management is defined as the ongoing process of ensuring a competitively superior fit between the organization and its ever-changing environment. Strategic management effectively merges strategic planning, implementation, and control.

strategic thinkinginterdependencies, planning, ability, synergy, cycles, tools, environment, look ahead

result-oriented strategic plansdownward, when, operational, translated, what, shorter-terms, how, intermediate

time series forecastsvalues, intervals, determine, sequence, fixed, seek, future, at

event timing forecastsoccur, event, given, predict, if ever, will

Exercise 2. Ask questions to the given answers:

1) Question:

Answer: Strategic management effectively merges strategic planning, implementation, and control.

2) Question:

Answer: Popular forecasting techniques among today’s managers are informed judgment, surveys, and trend analysis.

3) Question:

Answer: Event outcome, event timing, and time series forecasts help strategic planners anticipate and prepare for future environmental circumstances.

The writig module

III. Writing exercises:

Exercise 1. Complete the sentence with the suggested words:

trace, that, through, decline, strate gically

Three tools ____ can help managers think ______ are synergy, product life cycles that _____ the life of a product _____ its introduction, growth, maturity, and ______ stages and Porter's three generic strategies.

Exercise2. Compose a story on one of the topics (up to 100 words):

“ Strategic thinking”

“Major steps of strategic management”

“Forecasts in management”

Lesson 6 The reading module

Read the text: Organizations

Organizations need to be understood and intelligently managed because they are an ever-present feature of modern life. When people gather together and formally agree to combine their efforts for a common purpose, an organization is the result. All organizations, whatever their purpose, have four characteristics: (1) coordination of effort, (2) common goal or purpose, (3) division of labor, and (4) hierarchy of authority. If one of these characteristics is absent, an organization does not exist. Coordination of efforts multiplies individual contributions. A common goal or purpose gives organization members a rallying point. By systematically dividing complex tasks into specialized jobs, an organization can efficiently use its human resources. Division of labor permits organization member to become more proficient by repeatedly doing the same specialized task. Organization theorists have defined authority as the right to direct the action of others. Without a recognized hierarchy of authority, coordination of effort is difficult, if not impossible, to achieve.

Organizational classifications aid systematic analysis and study of organizations. There is no universally accepted classification scheme among organization theorists. Two useful ways of classifying organizations are by purpose and technology. In regard to purpose, organizations can be classified as business, not-for-profit service, mutual benefit, or common weal. In regard totechnology, there are long-linked, mediating, and inten sive technologies. Each of these technologies has characteristic strengths and weaknesses.

Modern organization theorists tend to prefer open-system thinking because it realistically incorporates organizations' environmental dependency. Early manage ment writers proposed tightly controlled authoritarian organizations. Max Weber, a German sociologist, applied the label bureaucracy to his formula for the most rationally efficient type of organization. Bureaucracies are characterized by their division of labor, hierarchy of authority, framework of rules, and impersonality. Unfortunately, in actual practice, bureaucracy has become a synonym for a red tape and inefficiency. The answer to this bureaucratic paradox is to understand that bureaucracy is a matter of degree. When bureaucratic characteristics, which are present in all organizations, are carried to an extreme, efficiency gives way to inefficiency.

Barnard’s acceptance theory of authority and growing environmental complexity and uncertainty questioned traditional organization theory. Open-system thinking became a promising alternative because it was useful in explaining the necessity of creating flexible and adaptable rather than rigid organizations.

I. Reading Exercises:

Exercise 1. Read and memorize using a dictionary:

impact, purpose, goal, not-for-profit service, mutual benefit, common weal, division of labor, hierarchy of authority, framework of rules, impersonality, bureaucracy, red tape, inefficiency

Exercise 2. Answer the questions:

1) Why do organizations need to be understood and intelligently managed?

2) What systems do modern organization theorists tend to prefer?

3) What are bureaucracies characterized by?

4) When does efficiency give way to inefficiency?

Exercise 3. Match the left part with the right:

1. By systematically dividing complex tasks into specialized jobs,	a)are by purpose and technology
2. Bureaucracies are characterized	b)an organization can efficiently use its human resources.
3. Modern organiza tion theorists tend to prefer open-system thinking	c) by their division of labor, hierarchy of authority, framework of rules, and impersonality.
4.Two useful ways of classifying organizations	d)because it realistically incorporates organizations' environmental dependency.

Exercise 4. Open brackets choosing the right words:

When bureaucratic characteristics, which are present in all organizations, are (carried/divided) to an extreme, efficiency (grows/gives) way to inefficiency.

The speaking module

II. Speaking Exercises

Exercise 1. Describe : organizations, division of labor, authority, organization by purpose, organization by technology

using the suggested words and expressionsas in example:

organizationspurpose, effort, characteristics, together, common, hierarchy, authority, coordinationexample:When people gather together and formally agree to combine their efforts for a common purpose, an organization is the result. All organizations, whatever their purpose, have four characteristics: (1) coordination of effort, (2) common goal or purpose, (3) division of labor, and (4) hierarchy of authority.

division of laborproficient, the same, permits, member, repeatedly, task, specialized

authoritycoordination, hierarchy, effort, direct, achieve, recognized, action, others

organization by purposebenefit, not-for-profit, commonweal, business, mutual, can be

organization by technologyintensive, long-linked, technologies, mediating

Exercise 2. Ask questions to the given answers:

1) Question:

Answer: Max Weber, a German sociologist, applied the label bureaucracy to his formula for the most rationally efficient type of organization .

2) Question:

Answer: Organizational classifications aid systematic analysis and study of organizations.

3) Question:

Answer: Coordination of efforts multiplies individual contributions .

The writing module

III. Writing exercises:

Exercise 1. Complete the sentences with the suggested words:

flexible, thinking, because, complexity, acceptance

Barnard’s _____ theory of authority and growing environmental ______ and uncertainty questioned traditional organization theory. Open-system _____ became a promising alternative _____ it was useful in explaining the necessity of creating _____ and adaptable rather than rigid organizations.

Exercise 2. Compose a story on one of the topics (up to 100 words):

“Major characteristics of organizations”

“Traditional and modern views of organizations”

“Bureaucracy”

Lesson 7The reading module

Read the text: Staffing and Human Resource Management

A synergistic

relationship exists between individuals and their employing organizations. But students have strong concerns about their future organ izational life, especially about the quality of supervision they will experi ence. Apart from the formal employment contract, an informal and often unspoken psychological contract exists between employee and employer. Serious dissatisfaction can set in when the terms of an individual's psycho logical contract are not met. According to Argyris's incongruency thesis, the principles of formal organization tend to encourage psychological immaturity in the average employee. He believes that the demands of the typical organization are incongruent with the psychological needs of the individual, and individuals naturally strive to be mature but the organizations that employ them often encourage immature behavior.

Within the context of strategic human resource management, staffing encompasses humanresource planning, acquisition, and development aimed at providing the talent necessary for organizational success. Four key staffing activities necessarily linked to organizational strategy and structure are: (1) human resource planning, (2) selection, (3) perform ance appraisal, and (4) training. A systems approach to human resource planning will help management devise staffing strategies for future hu man resource needs. As the organization's gatekeeper for vital human resources, employee selection should be more than a haphazard process of looking around for people to fill vacancies. There are relative advantages to promoting an insider as opposed to transferring in or hiring an outsider. Federal Equal Employment Opportunity laws require managers to make hiring and other personnel decisions on the basis of ability to perform rather than personal prejudice. Because interviews are the most popular employee screening device, experts recommend structured rather than traditional, informal interviews. A structured interview may be defined as a series of job-related questions with predetermined answers that are constantly applied across all interviews for a particular job.

Legally defensible performance appraisals (the process of evaluating individual job performance) enable managers to make objective personnel decisions. Of the three general approaches to performance appraisal – trait, behavior, and outcome – the behavior-oriented approach is the most strongly recommended. The rationale is that behavior, not personal traits or abilities, is ultimately responsible for job success or failure. Listed in declining order of popularity, six common performance appraisal techniques are goal setting, written essays, critical incidents (specific instances of inferior and superior performance are documented by the supervisor when they occur), graphic rating scales, weighted checklists (evaluators check appropriate adjectives or behavioral descriptions that have predetermined weight), and ranking/comparisons. Managers are challenged both to evaluate performance and to develop human potential during the performance appraisal process. This dilemma can be partially resolved by encouraging subordinates to engage in self-evaluation before offering constructive feedback on performance.

I. Reading Exercises:

Exercise 1. Read and memorize using a dictionary:

synergistic

relationship, employer, employee, dissatisfaction, term, incongruency, immaturity, average, acquisition, trait, defensible, vital, vacancy, hiring, outsider, prejudice, haphazard.

Exercise 2. Answer the questions:

1) Why do student have strong concerns about their future organ izational life?

2) What does staffing encompass?

3) What are key staffing activities?

4) What is the most popular employee screening device?

Exercise 3. Match the left part with the right:

1. Legally defensible performance appraisals	a) staffing encompasses human resource planning, acquisition, and development.
2. A systems approach to human resource planning	b) when the terms of an individual's psycho logical contract are not met.
3. Serious dissatisfaction can set in	c) will help management devise staffing strategies for future hu man resource needs
4. Within the context of strategic human resource management,	d) enable managers to make objective personnel decisions.

Exercise 4. Open brackets choosing the right words:

Federal Equal Employment Opportunity laws (require/offer) managers to make hiring and other personnel decisions on the basis of ability to (transform/perform) rather than personal prejudice.

The speaking module

II. Speaking Exercises:

Exercise 1. Describe staffing, incongruency thesis, structured interview, performance appraisals, behavior-oriented approach, critical incidents using the suggested words and expressions as in example:

staffingsuccess, resource, acquisition, organizational, development, necessary, encompassesexample:Staffing encompasses humanresource planning, acquisition, and development aimed at providing the talent necessary for organizational success.

incongruency thesisencourage, psychological needs, immaturity, behavior, strive, average, mature

structured interviewquestions, predetermined, particular, constantly, series, applied, answers

performance appraisalsevaluating, objective, defensible, personnel, legally, make enable, individual

behavior-oriented approachtraits, failure, responsible, rationale, abilities, job, ultimately, personal

critical incidentsinferior, performance, documented, superior, occur, instances, supervisor

Exercise 2. Ask questions to the given answers: