Lexically this category may be expressed in both languages with the help of numerals. e.g.: anmy-қзниш, dual‑иккилик, majority‑кўпчилик, family‑оила, pair‑жуфт, double‑икки (лантирилган), etc.
Plurality can sometimes be expressed by means of prepositions (between, among‑орасида, ўртасида)_adverbs (arm-in-arm‑йўлланилиб), indefinite pronouns (some‑бир неча, анча, бироз), verbs (join-қўшилмоқ бирлашмоқ, gathe‑тўпламоқ), get together – йиғилиқ unite – бирлашмоқ) also by quantitative markers (two-seater, many staged, two-storeyed): and in Uzbek (кўпхад, қўшариқ, учкўприк).
2.9. Typological category of person
The category of person should be dealt with in close connection with the category of number (plurality). Because in the languages of Indo-European family these categories are expressed by one and the same morpheme simultaneously i.e. a morpheme denoting number at the same time expresses person as well. For instance, in Latin the morpheme-n+ in such forms as amant, habent, Legunt, amabant, habebunt, etc. expresses simultaneously the third person and the plural number.
In the comparing languages the category of person is a characteristic feature of pronouns and verbs. They (languages) make distinction between the three classes of personal pronouns denoting respectively the person(s) spoken to (the second person) and the person(s) (or things) spoken about (the third person).
singular plural
1‑person-the speaker the speaker and same other people
2‑person-a person spoken to more than one people spoken to
3‑person-a person of a thing spoken about some people or things spoken about
The category of person in verbs is represented by the 1st, 2nd, 3rd person and it expresses the relations between the speaker, the person or people spoken to and other person or people spoken about. However this system doesn’t hold good for the modern English verb and this is for two reasons:
1) there is no distinction of persons in the plural number. Thus the form live may within the plural number be connected with a subject of any person e.g.
you} live
we
they
2) there is no distinction of numbers in the 1‑and 2 – person. Thus the form «live» in these person may refer to both one and more than one subject. Thus the opposition all other persons expresses relation of the 3rd with any person of both numbers i.e. stem-s \ stem – i. The marked member of the position differs greatly from that of imparked in form and in meaning, It should be kept in mind that in the Subjunctive mood that form «live» denotes any person of both numbers.
The ending ‘s’ having four meanings to express simultaneously is of course a synthetic feature standing rather by itself in the general structure of Modern English.
There a special subclass of the English verbs which do not fit into the system of person and number described above and they must be treated separately both in a practical study of the language and in theoretical analysis. They are called modal verbs ‘can, may, must’ etc. Being delective verbs they do not admit any suffix to their stem and do not denote any person or number and usually accompany the notional verbs in speech giving them additional meanings of notions as ability permission, necessity or obligation etc.
The verb «be» has a system of its own both in the present indicative and in the past
| I | Am | Was |
| He | Is | Was |
| She | Is | Was |
| It | Is | Was |
| You | Are | Were |
| They | Are | Were |
There is own more special class of the English verbs called impersonal verbs. Having the suffix – s in the third person singular of the present simple they do not denote any person or thing as the doer of the action. Such verbs usually denote natural phenomena such as to rain, to hail to snow to drizzle, to thunder, to lighten, to warm up, e.g. it often rains in autumn. It is thundering and lightening.
The personal system of the Uzbek verbs is as follows
| Indic mood | Person | Singular | Plural |
| Past | I | Bordim | bordik |
| II | Bording | Bordinrizlar | |
| III | Bordi | Bordilar borishdi | |
| Present | I | boraman | Boramiz |
| II | Boras an | Borasiz(lar) | |
| III | Boradi | Boradilar | |
| Future | I | Boraman bormoqchiman | Boramiz bormoqchimiz |
| II | Borasan bormpqchisan | Boramiz bormoqchimiz | |
| III | Boradi bormoqchi | Boradilar borishmoqchi | |
| Imperative mood | I | Boray | Boraylik |
| II | Borgin | Boringlar, boringiz | |
| III | Borishsin | Boringizlar |
In Uzbek we have no the so called modal verbs and impersonal verbs as it is understood in English or Russian (дождит, смеркается, темнеет, похолодало). The functions of the modal verbs are performed in Uzbek by means of the adjectives such as зарур, керак, даркор, лозим etc. As to the impersonal verbs in Uzbek we use the so called impersonal verbs which are combined only with one and the nouns denoting the names of natural phenomena, such as кор, ёмгир, дул, etc. e.g.: Ёмгирёгади, чакмокчакди.
Dealing with the category of person attention must be to the use of the pronominal forms in transposition. The value of such 'metaphors' may be traced in many modern languages. The first to be mentioned in English is the use of the personal pronouns 'we, you, they' in patterns where they are synonymous with the formal generic 'one' which denotes anyone who occurs in a definite situation. Semantically it corresponds to the Uzbek generic words as 'одам, киши, инсон. e.g.:
You (we) don ' (know what to do in such a situation.
One doesn’t know what to do in such a situation.
Бундай холатда нима килишингни билмайсан киши
Инсон зоти борки яратгани унутиб фарзанди томон интилади.
The so called 'editorial 'we’ (Lat. plural is modestial) is well for instance, as used in many modern languages by authors of scientific papers, monographs or articles in newspapers, etc. The pronoun 'we' is commonly used in proverbs, e.g.:
We shall see what we shall see.
We never know the value of the water till the well is dry,
Kuduq qurimaguncha (ariqdan oqqan) suvni qadrini bilmaymiz
Compare the Uzbek proverbs which are also addressed to anyone who appears in a situation, e.g.
Nima eksang shuni o’rasan.
Sar qdrini zargar biladi.
Bilib turib bilmaslikka olamiz.
Expressive affect of great subtlety will be found in the use of the pronoun 'we' in such examples;
‘I say’ said Hurstwood, as they came up the theatre lobby, we are exceedingly charming this evening.
'How do we feel today?' said the doctor facing the patient.
2.10. Typological categories of tense and aspect
Tense is the form of the verb which indicates time of the action from the point of view of the moment of speech, hi English we distinguish three tenses; past, present and past.
Past tense denotes an action which has taken place at a definite time before the moment of speech.
Present tense denotes a regular or recurrent action happening around the moment of speech.
Future tense denotes an action which will or going to happen after the moment of speech.
The English verbs also distinguish the category of aspect continuous process. The notion of aspect can also be described as a form of the verb that shows habituality, continuance or completion of the action or state expressed by the root of the verb. In Uzbek grammars aspect is not studied as a separate category of the verb as it not always expressed distinctly as it seems because of the lack, of the analytical forms.
In the comparing languages the categories of tense and aspect are so closely merged together that it is impossible to treat them separately. One and the same form of the verb serves to express tense and aspect at the same time and therefore they should be regarded as a 'tense – aspect forms 'of the verb.
In the comparing languages we distinguish three aspects of the verb forms; Simple (Common or Indefinite), Continuous and Perfect aspects. Combining with all the tense forms of the verb they form the so called 'tense aspect forms of the verb.
Present simple expresses a usual, recurrent or habitual action that takes place in our everyday life, e.g.
The sun.rises in (lie East.
We love our mothers.
Children go to school at the age of 6.
'They call me Nancy' r said the girl.
I know him well (Stative action)
The verbs in the present simple may often be accompanied by adverbs of frequency such as often, sometimes, usually, seldom, never, etc. indicating habitual action. The main indicator of the English verb forms in the present simple is the opposite 'live | live – s'. (See the preceding chapter.)
As has been mentioned above Past simple denotes an action which happened at a definite time before the moment of speech. Definite time of the action may be clarified by means of such time expressions as 'yesterday, last week, two years ago, when I was a child, etc. The main indicator of the verb form in the past simple of the English verbs is the formant '–ed' (for the regular verbs) and the change of the root vowels (or consonants) for the irregular verbs, e.g.; live – d, help – ed, give – gave, send – sent.
(As to the verb forms in Uzbek see the table in the chapter dealing with the category of person.)
The verbs in the Future Simple, as has been mentioned above, indicate the action which will or going to happen after the moment of speech. The main indicators of the future action is the auxiliaries – will (shall), and going to' which usually precede the infinitive,
e.g.: Give me your suitcase, please, I will carry it for you.
I'm going to visit my grandfather on Sunday.
Present Continuous denotes an action happening now, i.e. at the moment of speech. In English the predicate verb is formed by means of the auxiliary verb
(be – Participle I.) of the notional verb which correspond to the Uzbek verb forms in the example of the verb 'bor’:
| I person | Singular | АяпманМокдаман |
| Plural | АяпмизМокдамиз | |
| II person | Singular | АяпсанМокдасан |
| Plural | АяпсизМокдасиз | |
| III person | Singular | АяптиМокда |
| Plural | АяпчиларМокдаларИшмокда |
The Present Continuous expresses three ideas;
1) an activity happening now, i.e. at the moment of speech.
Cf.I It is raining. The child is crying. They are looking at you.
2) an activity happening around now, but perhaps not at the moment of speech.
Cf.; I'm reading a very interesting book on astrology these days.
3) a planned future arrangement.
Cf. I'm leaving for London next week,
Past Continuous of the English verb is formed by means of the combination of 'was (were) ~P1 of the notional verb and denotes an action happening (in progress) at a definite time in the past. Definite time may be expressed by means of time expressions or by a. clause of time connected to the principle one with the; conjunctions while and when. In Uzbek in the past continuous the verbs may take the suffixes.
e.g.: I was having a shower when you rang me up (at seven o'clock/.
Compare: I was doing my homework at 7.00 last night. /Past Continuous – I was in the middle of the action.)
b) I did my homework last night. /Past Simple – I started and finished)
Future Continuous is formed by means of the auxiliary 'will (or shall) be – PI f of the notional verb and expresses an action taking place in progress at a definite time after the moment of speech.
Cf.: I shall be waiting for you at the arrival hall at J o'clock (when you plane arrive at the airport).
As is seen from this example Uzbek future continuous is expressed with the help of the suffix '-ётган' and auxiliary verb булл-мок.
Perfect aspect denotes an action that as happened before now. Present Perfect relates past actions and states to the present. In a sense Present Perfect is a present tense. It looks back from the present into tрe past and expresses a completed action up to the present moment,
I've travelled a lot in Africa.
It can also express an action or state which began in the past and continues to the present.
Present Perfect Continuous is used to express a) an activity which continues to the present.
Conclusion
Now let me sum up my qualification work. My qualification work consists of for parts. The tasks and objectives are given in introduction. The idea of my work is given in the main part, where showed the novelty of the work, which contains the comparative analyses of the English language with the Uzbek language. The similarities in gender in the English language and in the Uzbek language are given in the qualification work, compared the tenses which exist in the English language with Uzbek language. The Present Continuous Tense expresses the prolongation of the action.
Example: I am sitting in Uzbek language to express this tense is used only simple tense Менутираман.
Different examples are given in the work which shows the comparative analyses of both languages.
In conclusion summed up my qualification work, and suggest to use the material in the lyceums and universities.
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