The author counts main principle of the theory of equivalence idea of the functional contents of the initial message which is defined by communicative installation of the author of the original [30, With 66]. On the basis of this idea the author makes a line of conclusions, namely, necessity to take into account «person» of the author of the original as its communicative installation is a category subjective. So, the problem of the translator will be to understand and keep in the text of translation this communicative installation, and it is possible only under condition of a parity of value of the text or the statement with language a situation. Also this idea provides functional equivalence of the text of translation to the text of the original which is defined not on the basis of formal conformity of texts, and on the basis of reaction of the speaking another language addressee. I.e., in the text of translation reaction of the addressee has as to answer communicative installation of the sender, as well as in the text of the original (30, With 67).
Taking into account that not normative lexicon carries on itself precise expressively-emotional mark, the theory of dynamic equivalence is given out to us rather successful for application of it while translating texts which contain words and expressions of lexicon of informal dialogue. In fact, as marks Z. Lvovska, the dynamic model of translation includes a line of structural, semantic and stylistic – functionally-stylistic restrictions which narrow a choice and define a direction of translational transformations. And among these restrictions first of all it is necessary to note expressive characteristics of the text of the original, its stylistic features, rate of the use of this or that lexical unit in language of translation within the limits of corresponding style and etc.
Other theory of communicative models of translation is the theory of levels of the equivalence, for the first time the offered V. Komisarov, Z. Lvovska, having processed this theory on a material of the Spanish language, gives its more brief description. We shall result substantive provisions and we shall try to determine expediency of application of the specified theory for text translation in English where not normative lexicon is used.
The theory of levels of equivalence is based on idea that the plan of the maintenance language products has the «multilayered» structure. In it is possible to allocate the certain levels and to establish between them hierarchical communications. The top level – the purpose of the communications, which is put by the author in language product. The trace go four equal, that submit each other and the purposes of the communications:
· A level of the description of a situation (the information on material and ideal objects of the validity and communication between them);
· A level (structures)the message(a choice of one of possible synonymic ways of the description of a situation of the validity);
· A level of the statement (a linear number{line}ina special way of the selected signswhichare united by any rules and settle downinthe certain order) and
· A levelof languagesigns (words).
Process of translational activity according to the given theory occurs the following grade. At an analysis stage of the statement of the original the translator passes a way from below upwards (from signs up to the purpose of the communications, consistently finding out all levels of the maintenance). At a stage of synthesis of the statement language of translation «the translator passes all hierarchy of levels in the returnable order, consistently checking, whether defines unequivocally each level of the maintenancea final variant of translation» [30, With 69]. If it appears, that any level demands the obligatory use of the certain forms, the translator selects a variant language of translation, so to say, irrespective of the original.
Nevertheless we count, that in some cases this theory can be not absolutely expedient. The purpose of the use of the reduced lexicon, as usual, is statements of the negative attitude of the sender to the addressee or its prompting to any actions which in itself does not represent a problem for judgement. All we need is only as much as possible adequately to choose the lexical form of transfer of this purpose in the text of translation. Taking into account that in that case this problem has semantic character more likely, we count what to achieve it is possible, having executed not such difficult translational transformations. For example, application of translational lexical changes of the general type can be effective enough in that case.
So, as it is seen, while translating informal lexicon it is possible to apply both linguistic, and communicative methods of translation, but it is necessary to use the most rational methods. If on equal judgments of the purpose of the statement there are no problems, we count not obligatory application of such difficult methods, as a method of levels of equivalence. It is enough to apply simple translational receptions, for example, such, as the deputy.
2. Methods, approaches and receptions which can be applied while translating informal lexicon
2.1 Methods, receptions and approaches of translation
Fast development of information technologies and means of the communications allow to speak today about processes of globalization in the world community. It, on the one hand, results in unification and standardization of world cultures, and on the other hand, raises consciousness of some representatives of national cultures, deduces on the first place desire to keep specificity and features of the culture at respect for representatives of other cultures and clever acceptance of most these cultures.
The role of the translator of fiction – as link in amongcultural communications grows. On shoulders of the translator ложитсяthe responsibility for adequate transfer of the art text. Art «to inform the author» to the reader consists now not only in skill to transfer the text without infringement of usual norms of language on which translation is carried out, but also at the maximal reflection of cultural (mental) features of language of the original.
Translators on the experience know, how it is hard to recreate precisely other time the semantic contents as separate word-combination and all idea.
Not casually, K. Chukovsky rebukes, which before to undertake translation of any foreign author, the translator should establish precisely for itself style of this author, system of his images [61, C.146]. Only in case of a correct choice of a way of translation, being based on the detailed analysis of stylistic receptions of the author in comparison to possible receptions in language of translation, the translator can more all exact transfer that degree of influence which feels the native speaker at reading the original text. Only in this case it is possible to speak about qualitative translation.
The estimation of translation quality can conduct with the greater or smaller degree of detailed elaboration, emphasizes V. Komysarov, speaking about types of translation in the work «The Theory of translation». In his{its} opinion, for a general characteristic of results of translational process it is necessary to use such terms as «adequate translation», «equivalent translation», «exact translation», «literal translation» and «free translation» [25, C.233].
Adequate translation, into V. Komysarova's idea, translation which provides pragmatically problems of the translational certificate on greatest possible for achievement of this purpose equal equivalence refers to, not supposing infringement of norms of the use of words and their forms which was fixed in language of translation, adhering to tasks – stylistic requirements to texts of the given type and answering socially – the recognized conventional norm of translation. In not strict use «adequate translation» is a «beautiful» translation which justifies expectation and hopes of the person which carries out an estimation of translation quality.
V. Komysarov's equivalent translation names translation which recreates the contents of the speaking another language original on one levels of equivalence. Under the contents of the original there is an information which is transferred, switching as subject – logic, and simple value of language units which make the text of the original, and also pragmatically potential of the text. By definition any adequate translation, counts V. Komysarov, should be equivalent (on this or that equal equivalence), but not any equivalent translation admits adequate, and what answers, except for norm of equivalence, and to other normative requirements which have been mentioned above.
The following kind of translation of V. Komysarov names exact translation, i.e. translation in which it is equivalent reproduced only subject – logic part of the maintenance{contents} of the original at possible{probable} deviations{rejections} from janr-stylistic norm and usual (usual) rules of the use of language of translation. Exact translation can be recognized adequate if the problem of translation is reduced to transfer of the actual information on the surrounding world. Equivalent translation always should be exact, and exact translation by definition only in part equivalent.
For exact transfer of informal lexicon of a subject – logic part of the text of the original some translators useslang and ephymysms, but thus reduce expressivety and abusiveness of phraseology. However doubtless plus of a similar way of translation is «adaptation» of the text for reading by different century groups or people which essentially do not read the literature which contains the reduced lexicon. At the same time a question on similar «advantage» of exact translation disputable. Among researchers there is an idea which through similar translational transformations the reader judges any more the product, and about its translation. So, K. Chukovsky wrote:» the Translator on the author gives out a self-made mask and this mask for its alive person " [61, C.19].
In some cases incompetence of the translator results in a literal translation of the reduced phraseology. V. Komisarov's literal translation names translation which recreates comunicative – formal elements of the original therefore or norms of language of the original text rise, or there is deformed (not handed) a valid contents of the original. «More often amusing examples of a literal translation meet at attempt to translate the text the help of electronic programs – translators» [25, C.235].
Bookwritter, as V. Krupnov rebukes, considers, that accuracy in translation is reached{achieved} due to literal transfer of all lexical and grammatic details of the text, it is frequent is declined before language of the original, forgetting about such psycholinguistic concepts, as norms of the use in language of these or those lexical units, idiomatic character of language (especially oral), language traditions which have developed during a history of development of any language [V. Krupnov http: // www.].
V. Komysarov names a principal cause of use of a literal translation desire to recreate semantic elements of higher level of equivalence, not having provided transfer of the contents at the previous levels. In such cases the literal translation can be accompanied by explanations or adequate translation which opens the sincere contents of the original.
But concerning informal lexicon to which a plenty slangs concerns, received by reconsideration of value of neutral lexicon, «literal» translation is caused to ignorances by the translator of slang word meaning more often:
Translation which is executed on lower equal equivalence refers to as free translation. Free translation can be recognized adequate if it meets other normative requirements of translation and not connected with the important losses in transfer of the contents of the original [25, C.235]. But here V. Komyarov, rebukes, which more serious deviations from the contents of the original make free translation nonequivalent and inadequate, transforming it in «retelling» or the independent statement on a theme of the original. And, as V. Krupnov in the work «In creative laboratory of the translator» rebukes, some separate translators who stand on positions of adherents of free translation, show attempts to ignore a gain of the translational theory and practice which, by V. Koptyova's entirely fair words, «all this V. Krupnov http: // www.] should result the translator in language negligence and slovenliness of style» [.
«Free translation, – writes V. Koptyov, – becomes the extremely aggressive and in the theory. Anything strange in it is not present. Theoretical reasons and requirements seem to new people which came in translation, any «sophistications crafty», attempts to throw лассоon a unrestrained mustang named Talent» [26].
2.2 Translational transformation and types of lexical transformations
V. Komysarov's translational transformation names transformation with which help it is possible to carry out transition from units of the original to units of translation in the specified contents. As translational transformations are carried out with language units which have both the plan of the contents, and the plan of expression, they have formal – semantic character, transforming both the form, and value of initial units [25, C.172].
Within the framework of the description of translation process, on V. Komysarova's idea, translational transformations are considered not in the static plan as means of the analysis of relations between units of the source language and their dictionary conformity, and in the plan dynamic as ways of translation which the translator while translating different originals can use when dictionary conformity absent or cannot be used on conditions of a context.
The basic types of lexical transformations on V. Komysarov is:
· Translational transcription and a transliteration,
· Tracing, lexic-semantic replacements (a concrete definition, generalization, modulation).
To V. Komysarov's the most widespread grammatic transformations carries:
· Syntactic likening(literal translation),
· Partitioningthe offer,associationof offers,
· Grammatic replacements (forms of a word, a part of speech ora sentence part).
As the object of our research is in the greater measure the lexical side of a spoken language in the work we do not consider grammatical kinds of transformations.
2.3 Use euphemism while translating informal lexicon
Frankness is capable to force to feel the person confusion, and sometimes and to shock, even if in it there is no also a hint on roughness, a swear word or a sneer.
«Simplicity – is worse than larceny» – is told about it!» [G. Moskovtsev 2005: 25].
That similar to avoid, that all felt like comfortably, use euphemism. These are softened, protected by a shade politeness words and expressions which give to express, tell the truth, having avoided undesirable expression or a word.
The word «euphemism» is familiarly far from being to everyone, but use euphemism all is universal.
«Euphemism is softened, more polite form which replaces a direct word which not always and not everywhere comprehensible and pleasant. In the English language euphemism– very much frequently simple reduction from strong expression. It is always perceived as less obvious, less rough hint, but usual value his{its} standard and it is known to all» [34, C.25].
To tell the truth, under «everyone» to whom value euphemism known, here toil on attention only really knowing language, i.e. its carriers. Those foreigners who have taught formal and daily language, in polite speaking another language expressions, not so confident. Having heard unfamiliar term, they are inclined to ask again: «Excuse, what means?» The situation comic, in fact also means that do not want to name directly. These foreigners (in particular – we in America) [M. Moskovtsev 2005: 25] rough and obtuse also look.
Euphemism are usually used in situations when it is necessary to be especially delicate: with people unfamiliar, old age (they frequently conservative), at women, children, the heads, etc. With the (on a floor, age, the social status) and adherents to communicate always it is easier. Especially freely we feel like in a circle of old friends or close relatives, therefore them and we love (or on the contrary). Strong expressions should be used only then in the another's country when of it you will grow fond, you will feel there yourself, clear and understanding others.
In general euphemism there is a set and they are used from time immemorial.
Especially widely euphemismare used in language of advertising, in slang and in a professional slang (shop talk – conversation on professional, business, service themes (in a time off)).
For the translator it is very important to know about features of the use euphemism in language correctly to estimate a role of implied sense, it is especial while translating publicist materials or fiction.
As a result of distribution and influences of mass media and different psychological levers on language presently construckting type euphemism will intensively penetrate into all spheres colloquial and a literary language. Were especially strongly distributed tendencies in the English language in the USA where advertising and business really without any restriction «break» language on the order. Not surprisingly because some American linguists even suggest to distinguish two languages: «language of the facts» (fact language) and «language of ideas» (іdea language).