am became looks tasted were elected
is felt smells has been appointed was named
will be grew sounded are considered were voted
2.4 Subject, Verb, Object
The direct object answers the question «Who?» or «What?» after an action verb.
Samuel Slater introduced the cotton mill to the United States. (Introduced what? Cotton mill.)
Like the English mill owners, Slater employed children in his factory. (Employed whom? Children.)
1. For his workers he built the first Sunday school in New England.
Sunday School, the direct object, is separated from the verb by a short vertical line.
2. The course of study included reading, writing, arithmetic, and religion.
Notice the compound direct object on horizontal lines.
PRACTICE 11 Recognizing Other Parts of the Sentence.
Diagram the following sentences.
OR Copy following sentences, skipping every other line. Underline the simple or compound subject once and every predicate verb twice. Put parentheses around prepositional phrases. Write p.a. (predicate adjective), p, n.) Predicate noun), d.o. (direct object) above every word used in one of these ways.
(In 1900) an obscure writer created a work (of lasting fame).
THE WIZARD OF OZ
A. 1. (After failures in several different fields,) L. Frank Baum wrote. The Wizard of Oz.
B. 1. Twice Baum announced the end (of the series)
2.5 Subject Verb, Indirect Object, Direct Object
When a direct object (answering the question «What?» or «Whom?») is used, an indirect object is sometimes used also, answering the question «To whom?» or «For whom?».
The indirect object usually comes between the verb and the direct object. Placing to or for before an indirect object does not usually change the sense.
The Scarecrow gave Dorothy directions. (Gave to whom? Dorothy.)
Dad built me a pigeon coop. (Build for? Me)
At the statue of Emmeline Labiche, Aunt Sally told Shirley and me the legend of Evangeline.
Shirley and me, the compound indirect object of told, are diagramed like the compound object of a preposition. Shirley and me answer the question «Told to whom?»
PRACTICE 12. Picking Out Direct and Indirect Objects
Read each sentence aloud. Identify direct and indirect objects.
WHAT'S IN NAME?
1. After an accident, John Smith dutifully offered the policeman his services as a witness.
2. «Tell me your name.»
3. Smith gave the officer his name.
4. The officer groaned. «Do me a favor. Give me your real name.
5. «I’ve told you the truth.»
6. After three futile tries Smith told the officer, Napoleon Bonaparte.»
7. «That’s better,» said the policeman. «People have given me that Smith nonsense too often.»
PRACTICE 13 Using Direct and Indirect Objects Effectively
By using indirect objects and eliminating useless words, combine each pair of sentences into one good sentence.
Example: Yankee peddlers sold tin ware, pins, gingham, and ribbons. They sold these to housewives.
Yankee peddlers sold housewives tin ware pins, gingham, and ribbons.
1. Uncle Ted sent a carved chess set from the Black Forest. He sent it to me.
2. In shop I am making bookcase. I am making it for my brother.
3. Aunt Pauline wanted me to have a seed necklace. She sent it to me from Puerto Rico.
4. Send the directions. Please let me have them before Saturday.
5. Dad built three new birdhouses. He built them for the wrens.
6. Can you make a poster? Will you make one for us for Book Week?
PRACTICE 14. Using Direct and Indirect Objects in Sentences W
Select five of the following and in good sentences use each as a direct object and as an indirect object
Example: Sally and him
We invited Sally and him to the Bob Cummings Play at the summer playhouse. (Direct object)
We sent Sally and him tickets for the third row. (Indirect object)
him them her and her friend
her him and Sandy my sister and him
us her and him her and Alice
me Mother and me her and me
APPOSITIVE An appositive is a word or expression which explains the noun or pronoun it follows and names the same person, place, or thing.
Baseball, a popular American game, developed from One Old Cat, a favorite in colonial times. (Baseball= game; One Old Cat=Favorite)
An appositive and a predicate noun are similar. The difference is that a verb connects the subject and the predicate noun, while an appositive follows a word directly and is generally set off by commas.
Appositive: The Homestake, this country’s largest gold mine, is in Lead, South Dakota.
Predicate noun: The Homestake is this country’s largest gold mine.
Bloody Basin, the locate of several Zane Grey novels, is still a primitive area.
Locale is in apposition with Bloody Basin. An appositive is placed after the word it explains and is enclosed in parentheses. The and of several Zane Grey novels modify locale.
ADVERBIAL NOUN Nouns which indicate distance, time, weight, or value are often used as adverbs.
The ill-fated Shenandoah was almost three city blocks long. (How 25000 long? Blocks.)
Before its crash in 1925 this famous dirigible had flown 25,000 miles. (How much? Miles.)
1. Last Summer Paul, Chris, and I rode a mule-drawn barge on the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal. Summer, a noun used as an adverb, modified the verb rode. It is diagramed like the object of a preposition.
2. The square, wooden houses of prosperous New England sea captains were usually three stories high.
Stories, a noun used as an adverb, modify the predicate adjective high.
PRACTICE 15. Identifying Parts of the Simple Sentence
Diagram the following sentences.
OR Copy the following sentences, Skipping every other line. Underline every simple or compound subject once and every predicate verb twice. Enclose every prepositional phrase in parentheses. Identify all forms listed below. Write the abbreviation above the word.
p.a.–predicate i.o.–indirect adjective
p.n.–predicate noun o.p.–object of preposition
p.pr.–predicate pronoun ap.–appositive
d.o.–direct object a.n.–adverbial noun
HE FIGHT FOR PURE FOODS AND DRUGS
A. 1. The medicine man is a stock character (in many Western movies and novels)
2. (According to the salesman) his «snake oil» could cure any ailment.
3. His comical behavior has given modern movie-goers many laughs.
4. (In a serious vein) he symbolizes the lack (of protection) (for the citizens) (of yesterday)
5. Lack (of uniform legislation) and inadequate protection endangered the heals (of all Americans) sixty years ago.
6. Foods and drugs were not regulated (for the welfare) (of all)
7. Sellers (of medicines) made impossible claims.
8. Foods were packaged (under unsanitary conditions.)
9. Weights were dishonest.
10. Narcotics (in medicines) caused drug addiction.
B. 1. Expensive foods were adulterated (with cheaper substitutes)
2. (For proof) (of the genuineness) (of his product) one manufacturer put a dead bee (in every jar) (of artificial «honey»)
3. Harmful chemical preservatives were indiscriminately added (to foods)
4. Dr. Harvey W. Wiley, chief chemist (of the Department of Agriculture), was a crusader (for regulation)
5. His stand was un popular (with many groups) (of people)
6. Each year new opponents attacked Dr. Wiley.
7. He had a powerful ally, President Theodore Roosevelt.
8. (After many difficulties) a bill was passed and was sent (To the President)
9. (In 1906) the bill became a low and opened a new era (in public health)
10. (IN 1956) (on the fiftieth anniversary) (of the law’s passage) Dr. Wiley’s portrait was placed (on a commemorative stamp)
MASTERY TEST 1B Parts of the Simple Sentence
MEDIAN 16.8
Copy the italicized words s a column and number them 1 to 25. Then, using the following abbreviations, indicate the use in the sentence of each word. Write the abbreviations in a column to the right of the words.
s.s.–simple subject d.o.–direct object
v.–verb i.o.–indirect object
p.a.–predicate adjective o.p.–object of preposition
p.n.–predicate noun ap.–appositive
p.pr.–predicate pronoun a.n.–adverbial noun
1. The chief source of lead is galena, a gray mineral.
2. Were elephants ever native to America?
3. The next week Ralph, an excellent pitcher, became a member of the team.
4. Is that frisky hamster a pet of yours?
5. A few minutes later the sky was growing red and purple and just a little darker.
6. For Easter Grandmother Lane bought Susie a new red bonnet with a feather on it.
7. Tom and Huck adopted Joe as a member of their club and taught him all their secret signs.
8. Betsy, a skilled mimic, reenacted the scene with deadly realism.
When your test has been marked, turn to the first page of the book and following directions, prepare your achievement graph for the year. Then enter on the graph your mark in Test 1. During the year enter on this graph your mark in every mastery test.
2.6 Subject, Verb, Direct Object, Complement
ADJECTIVE COMPLEMENT An adjective complement completes the verb and refers to the direct object.
It is the usually a noun or an adjective.
The juniors chose Sam Ackerson class orator. (Chose Sam Ackerson what? Orator. The noun orator refers to the direct object; Sam Ackerson.)
The executioner found Sydney Carton ready. (Found Sydney Carton what? Ready. The adjective ready refers to the direct object, Sydney Carton.)
Do not mistake a sentence with a indirect object for a sentence with an objective complement.
Ellen made Dad a knitted tie. (Made for Dad a tie. Dad is the indirect object; tie is the direct object.)
Ellen made Dad proud of her. (Made Dad what? Proud. Dad is the direct object; proud is the objective complement.)
A verb which takes an objective complement in the active voice may in the passive voice take a predicate noun or a predicate adjective.
Active
Objective complement: The basketball team chose Frank captain.
Passive
Predicate noun: Frank was chosen captain by the basketball team.
Active
Objective complement: Dad has painted our boat maroon.
Predicate adjective: Our boat have been painted maroon by Dad.
The active voice with the objective complement is usually more vivid and forceful than the passive.
1. Mrs. Hollis considers the dictionary the most valuable reference book.
The objective complement reference book completes the verb and refers to the direct object, dictionary. The line slants toward the object.
2. Years of care and anxiety had made George Washington homesick for Mount Vernon and eager for a quiet retirement.
Homesick eager are a compound objective complement. They complete the verb had made and refers to the direct object, George Washington.
PRACTICE 16. Using the Objective Complement
Change each of the following sentences in the passive voice to a sentence in the active voice. Use an objective complement in each. Underline the objective complement.
Example: I was made afraid by the sudden noise.
The sudden noise made me afraid.
1. Sally was elected president by the junior class.
2. Sue Johnson was voted most popular by the senior class.
3. The brown grass was sprayed green by Dad.
4. Jim is considered a great with by his friends.
5. The pink dogwood is considered by many people the most people the most beautiful flowering tree.
RETAINED OBJECT A verb which takes an indirect object in the active voice may in the passive voice retain a direct object (called the «retained object»).
Active voice, with indirect object: Mr. Tompkins gave the new pitcher his instructions (Instructions is the direct object; pitcher is the indirect object.)
Passive voice with retained object: The new pitcher was given his instructions by Mr. Tompkins. (Instructions is the retained object)
The active voice with an indirect object is usually preferable to the passive voice with a retained object. Where the doer of the action is unknown or unimportant, however, the retained object is a useful device.
For the prevention of scurvy each British sailor was allotted a daily ration of lemon juice. (Ration is the retained object)
The astronaut was an awarded a medal for his achievements.
The retained object medal is separated from the verb by a wavy line.
RETAINED INDIRECT OBJECT An indirect object may also be retained in the passive voice.
Active voice: They gave the winner of the spelling bee a prize.
Passive voice: A prize was given the winner of the spelling bee. (Winner is a retained indirect object. The passive does not emphasize the doer of the action.)
Two hamsters were given him for Christmas.
The retained indirect object him is diagramed like a regular indirect object.
PRACTICE 17. Identifying Parts of the Simple Sentence D
Diagram the following sentences.
OR Copy the following sentences, skipping every other line. Underline every simple or compound subject once and every predicate verb twice. Enclose every prepositional phrase in parentheses. Identify all forms listed below. Write the abbreviation above the word.
p.a.–predicate adjective ap.–appositive
p.n.–predicate noun a.n.–adverbial noun
p.pr.–predicate pronoun o.c.–objective complement
d.o.–direct object r.o.–retained object
i.o.–indirect objects r.i.o.–retained indirect object
o.p.–object of preposition
1 We found Scott uneasy (about his examination).
2. The boys were given excellent advice (for the selection) (of a college).
3. Heavy insulation will make the doghouse warm and cozy.
4. The princes in «The Lady or the Tiger?» is given two choices.
5. Dad painted the living room a light shade (of green)
6 A reward was offered her.
PRACTICE 18 Using Retained Objects
Change each of the following sentences with indefinite subjects into sentences with retained objects.
Example: They gave us three suggestions for starting a coin collection.
We were given three suggestions for starting a coin collection.
1. They gave the pirates five minutes for their decision.
2. they told us nothing about the change in regulations
3. They gave us a week for filing final applications.
4. They awarded Perry Mason’s client a substantial judgment.
5. They sent us folders on careers.
PRACTICE 19 Changing Passive to Active
Change each of the following sentences with retained object to forceful sentences in the active voice.
Example: I was given a pearl necklace by Aunt Martha.
Aunt Martha gave me a pearl necklace.
1. I was told my favorite story about my father’s childhood escapades by my grandmother.
2. Johnny was sent a real Swiss cowbell by Uncle Ted.
3. I was given some foreign currency by Mrs. Walker.
4. Paul was done a favor by Dan Abrams.
5. The guests were played a lively folk tune by the orchestra.
VERBAL: PARTICIPLES, GERUNDS, INFINITIVES
VERBAL A verbal is a verb form used like an adjective, a noun, or an adverb.
Like verbs, verbal can have complements and adverbial modifiers. They cannot, however, be predicate verbs.
NOT A SENTENCE The flag still is flying over Fort McHenry.[3]
A SENTENCE The flag was still flying over Fort McHenry.
A SENTENCE Francis Scott Key saw the flag still flying over Fort McHenry.
PARTICIPLE A participle is a form of the verb that is used only as an adjective
A participle is part adjective and part verb. Many participles end in ing, ed, or d. The participles of the verb carry are carrying, carried, having carried, being carried, having been carried.
To find out what word a participle modifies, ask the question «Who?» or «What?» about it.
Stately mansions built by whaling captain line the cobblestone streets of Nantucket. (What were built? Mansions. Built modifies mansions.)
Among the houses lining the elm-shaded street are three large ones known as the «Three Bricks» (Lining is a participle modifying houses; known is a participle modifying ones.)
1. A biography written by Parson Weems established Francis Marion as the Robin Hood of the Revolution.
A participle is placed partly on a slanting line, like an adjective, and partly on a horizontal line, like a verb. As an adjective, written modifies biography; as a verb, it is modified by the adverb phrase by Parson Weems.
2. Having served his country as a regular officer for five years, Marion began his career as a partisan in 1780.
The participle having served as an adjective modifies Marion; as a verb, it takes a direct object, country, and is modified by two adverbs phrases, as a regular officer and for five years.
PARTICIPIAL PHRASE A participle and the words that modify it or complete its meaning form a participial phrase.
Using his experience as an Indian fighter and his knowledge of the gloomy cypress swamps, Marion shrewdly planned his raids. (The participial phrase contains two prepositional phrases, as an Indian fighter and of the gloomy cypress swamps, and two direct objects, experience and knowledge.)