Sometimes you retreat in order to advance. (Heym)
Иногда отступают для того, чтобы вновь перейти в наступление.
(b) The infinitive can be used as an adverbial modifier of result. This chiefly occurs after adjectives modified by the adverbs enough and too.
His eyes were sharp enough to look after his own interest. (Heym)
Глаза у него были достаточно зоркие, чтобы позаботиться о собственной выгоде.
The infinitive as an adverbial modifier of result is also to be found in sentences of the following type:
He was so weak as to be unable to work.
Он был так слаб, что не мог работать.
As the above examples show the result expressed by the infinitive is often negative.
(c) The infinitive can be an adverbial modifier of comparison (manner); in most cases with an additional meaning of purpose.
In this function it is introduced by the conjunction ‘as if’ or ‘as though'.
She nervously moved her hand towards his lips as if to stop him ... (Dickens)
Она нервно протянула руку к его губам, как будто хотела остановить его.
(d) The infinitive can be used as an adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances.
She was driven away, never to revisit this neighbourhood. (Ch. Bronte)
Она была вынуждена уехать и больше не вернулась в эти места.
I am sorry to have raised your expectations, Mr. Blake, only to disappoint them. (Collins)
Мне очень жаль, что я пробудил в вас надежду, мистер Блейк, только для того, чтобы затем отнять ее.
Some grammarians maintain that in sentences of this type the infinitive performs the function of an adverbial modifier of result (consequence).
The infinitive as parenthesis.
Well, to cut a long story short, they thought it would be more economical to live at the villa. (Maugham)
Короче говоря, они решили, что будет дешевле жить на вилле.
Не was rude, to say the least of it.
On был груб, чтобы не сказать больше.
2.2.2 Infinitive Сonstructions
In Modern English we find the following predicative constructions with the infinitive:
(1) the Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction;
(2) the Subjective Infinitive Construction;
(3) the or-to-Infinitive Construction.[18]
The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction.
The Objective with the Infinitive is a construction in which the infinitive is in predicate relation to a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case. In the sentence this construction has the function of a complex object.
In translating the Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction into Russian we nearly always use a subordinate clause.
He's a wonderful teacher and I've never seen him lose his temper or get angry about anything. (Wilson)
Он замечательный учитель, и я никогда не видел, чтобы он вышел из себя или рассердился из-за чего-нибудь.
However, sometimes a sentence containing the Objective-with-he-Infinitive Construction is rendered by a simple sentence.
... the bombings at night made the old walls shake to their foundations. (Heym)
... от ночных бомбежек старые степы содрогались до самого основания (бомбежки заставляли стены содрогаться).
1. The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction is used after verbs denoting sense perception, such as to hear, to see, to watch, to feel, to observe, to notice, etc.
I haven't heard anyone call me. (Wilde)
Я не слышал, 'чтобы кто-нибудь меня звал.
I saw Brown enter the room. (Braine)
Я видел, как Браун вошел в комнату.
After verbs of sense perception only the Indefinite Infinitive Active is used. If the meaning is passive we use Participle II.
I saw the fire slowly conquered. (Collins) Я видел как пожар постепенно потушили.
If a process is expressed Participle I Indefinite Active is used.
He saw Fleur coming. (Galsworthy)
The verb to see is followed by a clause and not by the Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction when it is not really a verb of sense perception, i.e. when it means 'to understand'.
I saw that he did not realize the danger.
Я видел (понимал), что он не сознает опасности.
After the verbs to see and to notice the Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction is not used with the verb to be; a subordinate clause is used in such cases.
I saw that he was pale.
When the verb to hear is not a verb of sense perception, i.e. when it means 'to learn', 'to be told', a clause or a gerund (and not the Objective-with-the-Infinitive) is used.
I hear that he left for the South (of his having left for the South).
Я слышал (мне сказали), что он уехал на юг.
2. The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction is used after verbs denoting mental activity, such as to know, to think, to consider, to believe, to suppose, to expect, to imagine, to find, to feel, to trust, etc.
After verbs of mental activity in the Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction the verb to be is generally used. (This restriction does not apply to the verb to expect.) The use of this construction after most verbs of mental activity is more characteristic of literary than of colloquial style.
I know you to be the most honest, spotless creature that ever lived. (Hardy)
Я знаю, что вы самое честное и безупречное существо из всех, когда-либо живших на свете.
I believe him to have no conscience at all. (Hardy)
Я считаю, что у него совершенно нет совести.
After verbs of mental activity the Perfect Infinitive is used but seldom.
The doctor found his heart to have stopped two hours before.(Hardy)
Доктор установил, что его сердце перестало биться два часа тому назад.
Note, — With the verbs to think, to consider, to find the same idea can be expressed without an infinitive.
Boldwood thought her beautiful. (Hardy)
She found the subject rather interesting (Dickens)
You consider yourself an impressive person, eh? (Shaw)
3. The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction is used after verbs of declaring: to pronounce, to declare, to report.
The surgeon pronounced the wound to be a slight one.
Врач сказал, что рана легкая.
She declared him to be the most disobedient child in existence.
Она заявила, что это самый непослушный ребенок на свете.
4. The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction is used after verbs denoting wish and intention: ‘to want’, ‘to wish’, ‘to desire’, ‘to mean’, ‘to intend’, ‘to choose’ (in the meaning of 'хотеть').
I want you to come and dine with me. (Dickens)
Я хочу, чтобы вы пришли пообедать со мной.
I particularly wished those books to be returned to-night. (Dickens)
Я очень хотел, чтобы эти книги были возвращены сегодня.
She desired me to follow her upstairs. (Ch. Bronte)
Она велела, чтобы я пошла за ней наверх.
5. The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction is used after verbs and expression denoting feeling and emotion: ‘to like’, ‘to dislike’, ‘to love’, ‘to hate’, ‘cannot bear’, etc.
I dislike you to talk like that.
Я не люблю, когда вы так говорите.
I hate him to be flogged. (E. Bronte)
Я терпеть не могу, когда его бьют.
I cannot bear you to speak of that. (Eliot)
Я не могу выносить, когда вы говорите об этом.
6. The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction is used after verbs denoting order and permission: to order, to allow, to suffer, to have, etc.
Here we find the Objective with the Infinitive only if the object is expressed by a noun or pronoun denoting a lifeless thing or when the infinitive is passive. This restriction does not apply to the verbs to suffer and to have.
Mr. Merdle ordered his carriage to be ready early in the morning. (Dickens)
Мистер Мердль приказал, чтобы экипаж был готов рано утром.
She ... had never allowed the name of John Gordon to pass her lips. (Trollope)
Она никогда не позволяла себе произносить имя Джона Гордона.
Не ordered the boy to be put to bed. The teacher ordered the room to be aired.
After such verbs as "to order" and "to allow" the Infinitive in the Active Voice can be used only when these verbs are followed by an object denoting a person who is ordered or allowed to do something.
The dean allowed the secretary to change the time-table.
Here we find two direct objects and not the Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction.
Such sentences as "the dean ordered to change the time-table" are impossible in English whereas in Russian they are widely used.
"Деканразрешилизменитьрасписание".
So when translating such sentences into English we use the objective with the Infinitive Construction where the Infinitive is in the Passive Voice.
The dean allowed the time-table to be changed.
Mr. Dombey suffered Florence to play with Paul.
Мистер Домби неохотно разрешил (позволил скрепя сердце) Флоренс играть с Полем.
She suffered Mr. Franklin to lead her back into the room. (Collins)
Она позволила мистеру Франклину отвести себя обратно в комнату.
From these examples we see that the verb to suffer, when followed by the Objective with the Infinitive, is rendered in affirmative sentences by ‘неохотноразрешить’, ‘позволить’ (скрепясердце). In negative sentences it is rendered by ‘допускать’. The verb to have denotes permission only in negative sentences; it is very close in meaning to the verb to suffer and is translated in the same way.
7. The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction is used after verbs denoting compulsion: to make (in the meaning of 'заставить'). to cause (in the meaning of 'заставить', 'распорядиться'), to get (in the meaning of 'добиться'), to have (in the meaning of 'заставить; сказатьчтобы').
Light steps in the gravel made him turn his head. (London)
Легкие шаги по гравию заставили его повернуть голову.
The noise caused her to awake.
От шума она проснулась (шум заставил ее проснуться).
Site caused a telegram to be sent to him. (Galsworthy)
Она распорядилась, чтобы ему послали телеграмму.
8. Though the infinitive as a rule is not used with verbs requiring prepositions, the Objective with the Infinitive is widely used with the preposition ‘for’.
Occasionally it occurs with the preposition on or upon (after the verb to rely).
I rely on you to come in time.
Я рассчитываю, что вы придете вовремя.
I rely upon you not to go over to the opposition. (Dickens)
Я рассчитываю, что вы не перейдете на сторону противника.
The Subjective Infinitive Construction.
The Subjective Infinitive Construction (traditionally called the Nominative-with-the-Infinitive Construction) is a construction in which the infinitive is in predicate relation to a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the nominative case.
The peculiarity of this construction is that it does not serve as one part of the sentence: one of its component parts has the function of the subject, the other forms part of a compound verbal predicate.
Edith is said to resemble me. (Dickens)
Говорят, что Эдит похожа на меня.
The Subjective Infinitive Construction is used with the following groups of verbs in the Passive Voice:
1. With verbs denoting sense perception: to see, to hear, etc.
Mr. Bob Sawyer was heard to laugh heartily. (Dickens)
Слышно было, как смеется Боб Сойер.
The rider was seen to disappear in the distance.
Видно было, как всадник скрылся вдали.
If a process is expressed Participle I Indefinite Active is used.
Tess's father was heard approaching at that moment. (Hardy)
В этот момент они услышали, что подходит отец Тэсс.
2. With verbs denoting mental activity: to think, to consider, to knew, to expect, to believe, to suppose.
He was thought to be honest and kindly. (Dreiser)
Его считали честным и добрым человеком.
My father ... was considered by many to be a great man. (GowandD'Usseau)
Многие считали моего отца незаурядным человеком.
3. With the verb to make.
Little Abraham was aroused... and made to put on his clothes ... (Hardy)
МаленькогоЭбрахамаразбудилиизаставилиодеться.
4. With Verbs to say and to report.
The gods had given Irene dark-brown eyes and golden hair, which is said to be the mark of a weak character. (Galsworthy)
Боги наделили Ирэн темно-карими глазами и золотистыми волосами, что, как говорят, является признаком слабости характера.
From these examples we can see that in translating sentences containing the Subjective Infinitive Construction after verbs in the Passive Voice a complex sentence is mostly used: its principal clause is of the type which in Russian syntax is called 'indefinite personal' (неопределенно-личноепредложение).
After verbs in the Passive Voice the Subjective Infinitive-Construction is more characteristic of literary than of colloquial style, except with the verbs to suppose, to expect, to make; with these verbs the Subjective Infinitive can be found both in fiction and in colloquial language.
The Subjective Infinitive Construction is used with the word-groups to be likely, to be sure, and to be certain.
The parish is not likely to quarrel with him for the right to keep the child. (Eliot)
Приход вряд ли будет оспаривать у него право содержать этого ребенка.
Sentences of this kind are rendered in Russian by a simple sentence with a modal word. Note the difference between:
He is sure to come.
Онобязательнопридет.
He is sure of coming.
Он уверен, что он придет.
The Subjective Infinitive Construction is used with the following pairs of synonyms: to seem and to appear; to happen and to chance (the latter is literary); to prove and to turn out.
They seemed to have quite forgotten him already. (Hardy)
Они, казалось (по-видимому), уже совершенно забыли его.
Her eyes appeared always to gaze beyond, and far beyond. (E. Bronte)
Ее глаза, казалось, всегда были устремлены куда-то далеко-далеко.
Mrs. Cowperwood, in spite of the difference in their years, appeared to be a fit mate for him at this time. (Dreiser)
Несмотря на разницу в возрасте, миссис Каупервуд в этот период его жизни, по-видимому (казалось), была для ,него подходящей женой.
The infinitive in sentences with the Subjective Infinitive Construction cannot refer to a future action except with verbs and word-groups whose meaning allows of it: to expect, to be sure (certain), to be likely.
We are sure to come at the heart of the matter. (Dickens)
Мы обязательно доберемся до сути дела.
Не is expected to give us an answer to-morrow.
Ожидают, что он даст нам ответ завтра.
The for-to-Infiriitive Construction.
The for-to-lnfinitive Construction is a construction in which the infinitive is in predicate relation to a noun or pronoun preceded by the preposition for.