Взгляд сестры, устремленный на него с некоторым недоумением, заставил его, наконец, взглянуть на Флер.
I was reminded of a portrait seen in a gallery. (DuMaurier)
Мне вспомнился портрет, который я видела в картинной галерее.
In some cases Participle II denotes an action referring to no particular time.
He is a man loved and admired by everybody.
The voice distinctions of the participle.
Participle I of transitive verbs has special forms to denote the active and the passive voice.
When writing letters lie does not like to be disturbed.
Being written in pencil the letter was difficult to make out.
Having written some letters he went to post them.
Having been written long ago the manuscript was illegible.
Participle II of transitive verbs has a passive meaning, e. g. a broken glass, a caged bird. Participle II of intransitive verbs has no passive meaning; it is used only in compound tense-forms and has no independent [unction in the sentence unless it belongs to a verb which denotes passing into a new state, e. g. a withered flower, a faded leaf.
2.1.4 The Gerund
The gerund developed from the verbal noun, which in course of time became verbalized preserving at the same time its nominal character. The gerund is formed by adding the suffix -ing to the stem of the verb, and coincides in form with Participle I.[14]
As a natural result of its origin and development the gerund has nominal and verbal properties. The nominal characteristics of the gerund are as follows:
1. The gerund can perform the function of subject, object and predicative.
They say smoking leads to meditation. (Collins) (SUBJECT)
I like making people happy. (Shaw) (OBJECT)
The duty of all progressive mankind is fighting for peace. (PREDICATIVE)
2. The gerund can be preceded by a preposition.
I am very, very tired of rowing. (Hemingway)
3. Like a noun the gerund can be modified by a noun in the possessive case or by a possessive pronoun.
"I wonder at Jolyon's allowing this engagement," he said to Aunt Ann. (Galsworthy)
«Меня удивляет, что Джолион допустил эту помолвку», — сказал он тетушке Энн.
Is there any objection to my seeing her? (Galsworthy)
Кто-нибудь возражает против того, чтобы я повидался с ней?
The verbal characteristics of the gerund are the same as those of the participle:
1. The gerund of transitive verbs can take a direct object.
1 had now made a good progress in understanding and speaking their language. (Swift)
2. The gerund can be modified by an adverb.
She burst out crying bitterly. (Hardy)
3. The gerund has tense- distinctions; the gerund of transitive verbs has also voice distinctions. The forms of the gerund in Modern English are as follows:
| Active | Passive | |
| Indefinite | writing | being written |
| Perfect | having written | having been written |
There is no gerund in the Russian language and the English gerund is rendered in Russian in different ways:[15]
(a) by a noun.
Dancing had not begun yet... (Mansfield)
Танцы еще не начались.
(b) by an infinitive.
She had tea with Cipriano before leaving. (Lawrence)
Перед тем как уйти, она выпила чаю с Чиприано.
It is no good hiding our heads under our wings. (Galsworthy)
Бесполезно прятать голову под крыло.
(c) by “деепричастие”.
And without waiting for her answer he turned and left us. (DuMaurier)
И, не дожидаясь ее ответа, он повернулся и вышел.
On seeing Bella he stopped, beckoned her to him, and drew her arm through his. (Dickens)
Увидев Беллу, он остановился, подозвал ее к себе и взял под руку.
(d) by a subordinate clause.
He regretted now having come. (Galsworthy)
Теперь он сожалел, что пришел.
It should be observed that though the active forms of the gerund may be rendered in different ways, the passive forms are nearly always rendered by a clause.
As she contemplated the wide windows and imposing signs, she became conscious of being gazed upon. (Dreiser)
Когда она рассматривала широкие витрины и внушительные вывески, она почувствовала, что на нее смотрят.
After having been informed of the conference in my lady's room he immediately decided on waiting to hear the news from Frizinghall. (Collins)
После того как ему сообщили о совещании в комнате миледи, он сразу решил подождать, чтобы узнать новости из Фризингхолла.
The tense distinctions of the gerund.
The tense distinctions of the gerund; like those of the participle, are not absolute but relative.
1. The Indefinite Gerund Active and Passive denotes an action simultaneous with the action expressed by the finite verb; depending on the tense form of the finite verb it may refer to the present, past, or future.
He can swim for any number of hours without tiring. (Hichens)
Он может плыть много часов подряд, не уставая.
She walked on without turning her head. (Hardy)
Она шла, не поворачивая головы.
2. The Perfect Gerund denotes an action prior to that of the finite verb.
She denies having spoken with him.
Она отрицает, что говорила с ним.
He was ashamed of having shown even the slightest irritation. (Bennett)
Ему было стыдно, что он проявил раздражение, хотя и очень слабое.
However, a prior action is not always expressed by a Perfect Gerund; in some cases we find an Indefinite Gerund. This occurs after the verbs to remember, to excuse, to forgive, to thank and after the prepositions on (upon), after, and, without.
I don't remember hearing the legend before. (Hardy)
Я не помню, чтобы я когда-нибудь слышала эту легенду.
You must excuse my not answering you before. (Collins)
Вы должны извинить меня за то, что я не ответил вам раньше.
I thank you for restraining me just now. (Ch. Bronte)
Я благодарен вам за то, что вы сейчас помогли мне сдержаться.
On leaving the house we directed our steps to the nearest shade. . (Collins)
Выйдяиздома, мынаправилисьвтень.
The Perfect Gerund may also be used after the above mentioned verbs and prepositions.
He did not remember having been in that room. (Galsworthy)
Он не помнил, чтобы когда-нибудь был в этой комнате.
The voice distinctions of the gerund.
The gerund of transitive verbs has special forms for the active and the passive voice.
He liked neither reading aloud nor being read aloud to. (Maugham)
Он не любил ни читать вслух, ни слушать чтение.
It is to be observed that after the verbs to want, to need, to deserve, to require and the adjective worth the gerund is used in the active form, though it is passive in meaning.
"The slums want attending to, no doubt," he said. (Galsworthy)
«Без сомнения, трущобами надо заняться», — сказал он.
He realized that his room needed painting.
Он понял, что его комнату надо покрасить.
Differences Between Gerund and the Participle/Verbal Noun
The gerund and the participle.
In most cases the differentiation between the gerund and the participle does not present any difficulty.
Unlike the participle the gerund may be preceded by a preposition, it may be modified by a noun in the possessive case or by a possessive pronoun; it can be used in the function of a subject, object, and predicative. In the function of an attribute and of an adverbial modifier both the gerund and the participle may be used, but the gerund in these functions is always preceded by a preposition.
There are cases, however, when the differentiation between the gerund and the participle presents some difficulty; for instance, it is not always easy to distinguish between a gerund as part of a compound noun and a participle used as an attribute to a noun. One should bear in mind that if we have a gerund as part of a compound noun, the person or thing denoted by the noun does not perform the action expressed by the ing-form: e.g. a dancing-hall (a hall for dancing), a cooking-stove (a stove for cooking), walking shoes, a writing-table, etc.[16]
If we have a participle used as an attribute the person denoted by the noun performs the action expressed by the mg-form: e.g. a dancing girl (a girl who dances), a singing child, etc.
However, there are cases which admit of two interpretations; for example a sewing machine may be understood in two ways: a machine for sewing and a machine which sews; a hunting dog may be a dog for hunting and a dog that hunts.
The gerund and verbal noun.
The gerund should not be confused with the verbal noun, which has the same suffix -ing. The main points of difference between the gerund and the verbal noun are as follows:
| 1. | Like all the verbals the gerund has a double character— nominal and verbal. | The verbal noun has only a nominal character. |
| 2. | The gerund is not used with an article. | The verbal noun may be used with an article. The making of a new humanity cannot be the privilege of a handful of bureaucrats. (Fox) I want you to give my hair a good brushing. (Hardy) |
| 3. | The gerund has no plural form. | The verbal noun may be used in the plural. Our likings are regulated by our circumstances. (Ch. Bronte) |
| 4. | The gerund of a transitive verb takes a direct object. He received more and more letters, so many that he had given up reading them. (Priestley) | A verbal noun cannot take a direct object; it takes a prepositional object with the preposition of. Meanwhile Gwendolen was rallying her nerves to the reading of the paper. (Eliot) |
| 5. | The gerund may be modified by an adverb. Drinking, even temperately, was a sin. (Dreiser) | The verbal noun may be modified by an adjective. He (Tom) took a good scolding about clodding Sid. (Twain ) |
Chapter 2 Syntax and Semantics of English Verbals
2.2.1 The Functions of the Infinitive in the Sentence
The infinitive can be used in different syntactic functions. A single infinitive occurs but seldom: in most cases we find an infinitive phrase, i.e. an infinitive with one or several accompanying words.
The infinitive as a subject.
To doubt, under the circumstances, is almost to insult. (Ch. Bronte)
Сомневаться при таких обстоятельствах — это почти означает нанести оскорбление.
То acquire knowledge and to acquire it unceasingly, is the first duty of the artist. (Thurston)
Приобретать знания, и приобретать их непрерывно, — вот первый долг художника.
From these examples we can see that the infinitive as a subject can be rendered in Russian by an infinitive, by a noun, or by a clause.
Though the infinitive as the subject sometimes precedes the predicate, cases when it follows the predicate are far more common; with the infinitive in the latter position, the sentence opens with the introductory it, which serves as an introductory subject. The introductory it is not translated into Russian.[17]
It is useless to discuss the question. (Eliot)
Бесполезно обсуждать этот вопрос.
It was pleasant to be driving a car again. (Braine)
Было приятно снова вести машину.
The infinitive as a predicative.
My intention is to get into parliament. (Trollope)
Моя цель — пройти в парламент.
The infinitive can also be used as part of a predicative.
The abode of Mrs. Betty was not easy to find. (Dickens)
Жилище миссис Бетти было нелегко найти.
The infinitive as part of a compound verbal predicate.
(a) With modal verbs, modal expressions, and verbs expressing modality the infinitive forms part of a compound verbal modal predicate.
We must not leave him by himself any longer. (Dickens)
The train was to leave at midnight. (Hemingway)
(b) With verbs denoting the beginning, duration, or end of an action the infinitive forms part of a compound verbal aspect predicate.
Imprisonment began to tell upon him. (Dickens)
Before daylight it started to drizzle. (Hemingway)
The infinitive as an object.
Leila had learned to dance at boarding school. (Mansfield)
After the verbs to allow, to order, to ask, to beg, to request, to implore, to teach, to instruct we often find two objects, one of which is expressed by an infinitive.
After waiting some time, Mrs. Clements ... ordered the cabman to drive back to her lodgings. (Collins)
He asked me to walk in. (Collins)
The infinitive used as an object can be preceded by the introductory object it. The introductory object is not translated into Russian.
He found it utterly impossible to leave the spot. (Hardy)
Он считал совершенно невозможным покинуть это место.
The infinitive as part of a complex object.
I never saw you act this way before. (Dreiser)
Я никогда раньше не видел, чтобы вы так поступали.
The infinitive as an attribute.
The use of the infinitive as an attribute is far more extensive in English than in Russian: in Russian it modifies only abstract nouns, whereas in English it modifies both abstract and class nouns, indefinite pronouns (somebody, something, anybody, anything, etc.), ordinal numerals and the adjective last.
The infinitive as an attribute is rendered in Russian by an infinitive (chiefly after abstract nouns), by a subordinate clause or by a finite verb serving as the predicate of a simple sentence (after ordinal numerals and the adjective last).
I have not had time to examine this room yet. (ConanDoyle)
У меня еще не было времени осмотреть эту комнату.
Bathsheba was not a woman ... to suffer in silence. (Hardy)
Батшеба была не такая женщина, которая стала бы страдать молча.
The infinitive used as an attribute often has a modal significance — it expresses an action thought of as obligatory or possible.
I've got my wife and little boy to look after. (Dreiser)
У меня есть жена и ребенок, о которых я должен заботиться.
There must be a lot of things in this world to make you very unhappy. (Thurston)
В этом мире, должно быть, много такого, что может сделать вас несчастным.
Tess was no insignificant creature to toy with and dismiss. (Hardy)
Тэсс была не такое незначительное существо, с которым можно поиграть и бросить.
Sometimes the infinitive used as an attribute implies a more or less prominent idea of purpose.
Here is a nice book to read before going to bed.
Вот книга, которую хорошо почитать перед сном.
Here is a charming little cottage to spend the summer in.
Вот очаровательный коттедж, is котором можно хорошо провести лето.
The infinitive as an adverbial modifier.
(a) The infinitive can be an adverbial modifier of purpose.
Laws were not made to be broken, laws were made to stay within. (Heym)
Законы были созданы не для того, чтобы их нарушать, а для того, чтобы им подчиняться.
The infinitive as an adverbial modifier of purpose can be introduced by in order and so as.