After such verbs as to mean, to expect, to intend, to hope used in the Past Indefinite, the Perfect Infinitive shows that the hope or intention was not carried out.
I meant to have gone there.
Я собирался пойти туда (но не пошел).
I meant to have given you five shillings this morning for a Christmas-box, Sam. I'llgiveityouthisafternoon, Sam. (Dickens)
Я хотел подарить вам пять шиллингов на рождество, Сэм; я подарю их вам сегодня, Сэм.
The same meaning can be conveyed by the Past Perfect of the finite verb followed by the Indefinite Infinitive.
I had meant to go there.
He had meant to marry me. (Eliot)
Он имел намерение жениться на мне.
Some English grammarians prefer the latter construction.
Note. — The idea, however, is often expressed in the following way: I meant to go there, but never did.
4. The Perfect Continuous Infinitive denotes an action which lasted a certain time before the action of the finite verb. It is not only a tense form, but also an aspect form.
For about ten days we seemed to have been living on nothing but cold meat, cake and bread and jam. (Jerome)
Дней десять мы, казалось, питались только холодным мясом, печеньем и хлебом с вареньем.
The voice distinctions of the infinitive.
The infinitive of transitive verbs has special forms for the Active and the Passive Voice:
It is so glorious to love and to be loved... (Stone)
Так прекрасно любить и быть любимым.
In sentences with the construction there is the infinitive of some verbs can be active or passive without any change in the meaning:
There's no time to lose. (Dreiser)
There is no time to be lost. (Eliot)
There is nothing to fear (to be feared).
The use of the infinitive without the particle to (the bare infinitive).
In Modern English the infinitive is chiefly used with the particle to[9]. In Old English to was a preposition used with the infinitive in the dative case to indicate purpose (to writenne meant 'in order to write'). Later on to was re-interpreted as the formal sign of the infinitive and came to be used not only to denote purpose but in other cases as well. Still there are cases when the so-called bare infinitive (the infinitive without the particle to) is used.[10] They are as follows:
1. After auxiliary verbs.
I don't understand the meaning of this passage.
We shall go there at once.
2. After modal verbs except the verb ought.
If one cannot have what one loves, one must love what one has (Wilson)
3. After verbs denoting sense perception, such as to hear, to see, to feel etc.
In a few minutes they heard him ascend the ladder to his own room. (Hardy)
Через несколько минут они услышали, что он поднимается но лестнице в свою комнату.
I never saw, you look so before. (Hardy)
Я никогда не видел, чтобы вы так хорошо выглядели.
I felt my heart jump. (Heym)
Я почувствовал, что у меня ёкнуло сердце.
The verb to be after the verb to feel is used with the particle to: I felt this to be very true.
(Dickens) Я чувствовал, что это совершенно верно.
4. After the verb to let.
Let us be the best friends in the world! (Dickens)
5. After the verb “to make” in the meaning of 'заставлять' and the verb “to have” in the meaning of 'заставлять, допускать, велеть'.
What makes you think so? (Carter)
Что заставляет вас так думать?
I... had them take my baggage. (Hemingway)
Я... велел им взять мой багаж.
The verb to have in the meaning of 'допускать' is chiefly used after the modal verbs will and would in negative sentences.
I will not have you call him Daniel any more. (Trollope)
Я не допущу, чтобы вы продолжали называть его Даниэлем.
1 would not have you think that I am selfish. (Trollope)
Я не допущу, чтобы вы считали меня эгоистом.
6. After the verb to know when its meaning approaches that of to see, to observe (the verb to know never has this meaning in the Present Indefinite).
I have so often known a change of medicine work wonders. (Shaw)
Я так часто замечала, что перемена лекарства творит чудеса.
In this case, however, the particle to is sometimes used:
I have never known her to weep before. (Cronin)
Я никогда, раньше не видел, чтобы она плакала.
After the verbs ‘to hear’, ‘to see’, ‘to make’ and ‘to know’ in the Passive Voice the to-Infinitive is used.
He was heard to mention your name several times.
Слышали, как он несколько раз упомянул ваше имя.
They were seen to leave the house early in the morning.
Видели, что они рано утром вышли из дома.
The child was made to obey.
Ребенказаставилислушаться.
Sir Pitt Crawley was never known to give away a shilling or to do a good action.
Никто никогда не видел, чтобы сэр Питт Кроули дал кому-нибудь шиллинг или сделал доброе дело.
7. After the verb to bid.
I bowed and waited, thinking she would bid me take a seat. (E. Bronte)
Я поклонился и подождал, думая, что она предложит мне сесть.
The verb to bid is obsolete and is not used in colloquial speech.
8. After the expressions had better, would rather, would sooner, cannot but, nothing but, cannot choose but.
You had better go to bed and leave the patient to me. (Shaw)
Вы бы лучше легли спать и оставили пациента на моем попечении.
I would rather not speak upon the subject. (Hardy),
Я бы предпочел не говорить на эту тему.
I would sooner die here, .at your feet ... than see you married to such a one as that. (Trollope)
Я предпочел бы умереть здесь, у ваших ног ..., чем видеть вас замужем за таким человеком.
1 cannot but think so. (Trollope)
Я не могу не думать так.
There was nothing left for him to do but watch and wait.
Единственное, что ему оставалось, — это наблюдать и ждать.
She does nothing but make scenes from morning till night. (Shaw)
Она только и делает, что устраивает сцены с утра до ночи.
I looked long at that picture, and could not choose but look. (Ch. Bronte)
Я долго смотрела на эту картину и не могла не смотреть на нее.
‘Had better’, ‘would rather’, ‘to do nothing but’ belong to colloquial English, whereas cannot but and cannot choose but are characteristic of elevated style.
9. In sentences of a special type (infinitive sentences) beginning with why.
Why not come and talk to her yourself? (Reade)
Почему бы нам самой не прийти поговорить с ней?
The particle to is often used without the infinitive if it is easily understood from the context.
He and his three men could not defend Rollingen even if they wanted to. (Heym)
Он и трое его солдат не могли бы оборонять Роллинген, даже если бы захотели.
The particle ‘to’ may be separated from the infinitive by an adverb; this is the so-called split infinitive. It is hardly ever used in colloquial English.
He was unable, however, to long keep silence. (Galsworthy)
Он был, однако, не в состоянии долго молчать.
2.1.3 General Characteristics of Participles
The participle is a non-finite form of the verb which has a verbal and an adjectival or an adverbial character.[11]
There are two participles in English — Participle I and Participle II, traditionally called the Present Participle and the Past Participle.
These traditional terms are open to objection on the ground that Participle I does not necessarily refer to the present, just as Participle II need not refer to the past. The difference between them is not a difference in tense, but chiefly a difference in voice.
Participle I is formed by adding the suffix -ing[12] to the stem of the verb; the following spelling rules should be observed:
(a) If a verb ends in a mute e, the mute e is dropped beforeadding the suffix -ing: to give — giving, to close — closing.
(b) If a verb ends in a consonant preceded by a vowel renderinga short stressed sound, the final consonant is doubled before addingthe suffix -ing: to run — running, to forget — forgetting, to admit—admitting.
A final l is doubled if it is preceded by a vowel letter rendering a short vowel sound, stressed or unstressed: to expel—expelling, to travel — travelling.
(c) The verbs to die, to lie and to tie form Participle I in the following way: dying, lying, tying.
A final у is not changed before adding the suffix -ing: to comply — complying, to deny — denying.
The formation of Participle II.
According to the way in which the Past Indefinite and Participle II are formed, verbs are divided into three groups: regular verbs, irregular verbs, and mixed verbs.
1. Regular verbs. They form the Past Indefinite and Participle II by adding -ed to the stem of the verb, or only -d if the stem of the verb ends in -e.[13]
to want —wanted
The pronunciation of -ed (-d) depends on the sound preceding it. It is pronounced:
[ıd] after t, d:
wanted [wɔntıd], landed [lændıd]
[d] after voiced consonants except d and after vowels:
opened ['əupənd], played [pleıd];
[t] after voiceless consonants except t:
worked [wə:kt].
The following spelling rules should be observed:
(a) Final у is changed into i before the addition of -ed if it is preceded by a consonant.
to carry — carried
у remains unchanged if it is preceded by a vowel.
to enjoy — enjoyed
(b) If a verb ends in a consonant preceded by a short stressed vowel, the final consonant is doubled.
to stop —stopped
Final r is doubled if it is preceded by a stressed vowel.
to occur —- occurred
Final r is not doubled when preceded by a diphthong,
to appear — appeared
Final l is doubled if it is preceded by a short vowel, stressed or unstressed:
to compel — compelled
2. Irregular verbs. Here belong the following groups of verbs:
(a) verbs which change their root vowel.
to sing —sang — sung
(b) verbs which change their root vowel and add -en for Participle II.
to speak —spoke —spoken
(c) verbs which change their root vowel and add -d or -t.
to sell —sold —sold
(d) verbs which change their final -d into -t.
to send —sent —sent
(e) verbs which have the same form for the Infinitive, Past Indefinite and Participle II.
to put — put — put
(f) verbs whose forms come from different stems.
to be — was, were — been
to go — went — gone
(g) special irregular verbs.
to have — had — had
to make — made — made
to do —did —done
(h) defective (anomalous) verbs.
can — could
must
ought
may — might
will — would
shall — should
3. Mixed verbs, their Past Indefinite is of the regular type, and their Participle It is of the irregular type:
to show — showed — shown
As has already been stated, the participle has a verbal and an adjectival or adverbial character. Its adjectival or adverbial character is manifested in its syntactic functions, those of attribute or adverbial modifier. (Some participles have lost their verbality altogether and have become adjectives: interesting, charming, alarming, etc., complicated, distinguished, furnished, etc.
E.g. an interesting book, a charming girl, the alarming news; a complicated problem, a distinguished writer, a furnished apartment.)
I hated the hollow sound of the rain pattering on the roof. (DuMarnier) (attribute)
Мне был отвратителен глухой шум дождя, стучавшего по крыше.
And then she turned to the title-page, and looked at the name written in the schoolboy hand. (Ch. Bronte) (attribute)
Затем она открыла книгу па титульном листе и посмотрела на имя, написанное ученическим почерком.
The verbal characteristics of the participle are as follows:
1. Participle I of a transitive verb can take a direct object.
Opening the door, he went out on to the terrace. (Galsworthy)
2. Participle I and Participle II can be modified by an adverb.
Leaving the room hurriedly, he ran out. (Thackeray)
Deeply affected, Priam Farll rose and left the room. (Bennett)
3. Participle I has tense distinctions; Participle I of transitiveverbs has also voice distinctions. In Modern English Participle Ihas the following forms:
| Active | Passive | |
| Indefinite | writing | being written |
| Perfect | having written | having been written |
The tense distinctions of the participle.
Like the tense distinctions of all the verbals, those of the participle are not absolute but relative.
Participle I Indefinite Active and Passive usually denotes an action simultaneous with the action expressed by the finite verb; depending on the tense-form of the finite verb it may refer to the present, past, or future.
When reading The Pickwick Papers, one can't help laughing.
When reading The Pickwick Papers, I couldn't help laughing.
When reading The Pickwick Papers, you will roar with laughter.
He looked at the carpet while waiting for her answer. (Galsworthy)
Он смотрел на ковер, ожидая ее ответа.
Me returned to the hut, bringing in his arms a new-born lamb. (Hardy)
Он вернулся в хижину, неся на руках новорожденного ягненка.
Being left alone, Pauline and I kept silence for some time. (Ch. Bronte)
Оставшись одни, мы с Полиной некоторое время молчали.
Sometimes Participle I Indefinite denotes an action referring tono particular time.
The last turning had brought them into the high-road leading to Bath. (Hardy)
После последнего поворота они вышли на дорогу, ведущую (которая вела) в Бат.
Participle I Perfect Active and Passive denotes an action prior to the action expressed by the finite verb.
Mr. Bumble, having spread a handkerchief over his knees..., began to eat and drink. (Dickens)
Мистер Бамбл, разостлав платок на коленях..., стал есть и пить.
They were, indeed, old friends, having been at school together.(Walpole)
Они и в самом деле были старыми друзьями, так как вместе учились в школе.
It should be noted that a prior action is not always expressed by Participle I Perfect: with some verbs of sense perception and motion, such as to see, to hear, to come, to arrive, to seize, to look, to turn and some others, Participle I Indefinite is used even when priority is meant.
Turning down an obscure street and entering an obscurer lane, lie went up to a smith's shop. (Hardy)
Свернув на темную улицу и войдя в еще более темный переулок, он подошел к кузнице.
Hearing a footstep below he rose and went to the top of the stairs. (Hardy)
Услышав шаги внизу, он встал и вышел на лестницу.
Participle II has no tense distinctions; ithas only one formwhich can express both an action simultaneous with, and prior to the action expressed by the finite verb; thelatter case is morefrequent.
His sister's eyes fixed on him with a certain astonishment, obliged him at last to look at Fleur. (Galsworthy)