8. SEN - school for the child- invalids and for the laggards in the studies
In January 2000 in England and on Wales of 1.71 mln. studying schools they were qualified as being studied with the special educational requirements (special of educational of needs- SEN)). To it is so accepted name in England those children, who experience special difficulties in the studies in the comparison with the majority of their contemporaries, including because of the problems with the health, and also various deviations in the development. 60% of students this category instruction to basic schools is passed; however, to these children is manifested special attention, they are right to design for additional aid from the side of instructors and for the special procedure of instruction. To public schools is prescribed the need of developing the special “policy” for the children of SEN. For them it is also necessary to inform about this policy of students and their parents.
40% OF SEN are trained in special school, intended for a similar contingent.
Solution about the need for the determination child into the special school it is right to carry out the local organs of formation. However, if parents are not agreeable with the similar solution or with the selection for their child of this concrete school, they right to be handled the appeal of the solution in SEN - tribunal, which is occupied by the study of similar problems. The verdict of this tribunal is considered final in resolution of debatable questions concerning that, where and as will be trained child with the special educational requirements.
In 1998 government promulgated activity plan for the purpose to improve formation conditions and to create maximally advantageous conditions for the studies in schools and VUZ (Institute of Higher Education), and also for further career of those, who pass on the category SEN. For the implementation of this program were isolated 35 mln. of pounds sterling in 1999 - 2000 yr. and 20 mln. in 2000 - 2001 g. in addition to of 1900 of the usual charter schools of England obtained in last two years 30 mln. pounds in order to create the improved conditions for the studies child- invalids and children with the weakened sight, the rumor and the disrupted speech.
9. Training program in the schools
The objects, taught to the students of British public schools at the age from 5 to 16 years, at basis their are determined by general national school program. This program is subdivided into 4 key stages. First stage (stage 1) - for the studying at the age 5-7 years (1 2- e classes); the second stage (stage 2) - for the students of 7-11 years (3-6- e classes); the third stage (stage 3) - for studying at the age 11-14 years (7-9- e classes); the fourth stage (stage 4) - for the students of 14-16 years (10-11- e classes). The objects, which are considered basic, teach for each of four stages: English and literature (on Wales - also Welsh language), mathematics, the objects of the natural science (they they are united in Britain in the united object, named Science and including biology, chemistry, physics), technology, gymnastics and religion. History, geography, depictive skill and the music they are the required objects, included in the early stages of school program. Foreign language appears in the school timetable at stages 3 and 4. An essential difference in the school of British from the school Russian is the presence in its program besides the objects, required for the study, also those disciplines, which are selected by students according to their interests and inclinations. All public schools are obligated to ensure the possibility to study religion with student. Local organs formations bear responsibility for the development of these programs for the subordinate by it schools. In the programs of religious formation must be present the study of Christianity, but also other basic religions, which confess the citizens living in the territory of the United Kingdom. Nevertheless the study of religion is not required, and at will parents their children can be freed from the visit of these lessons. In the state charter schools it is provided the sexual formation for all students, within the framework which they are studied besides other disease, transferred through sex. Special attention is paid in this case to AIDS. Parents are right to require so that their children would be freed from the study of objects on the sexual formation - with exception of those, which bear required nature.
10. GSCE, or certificate about completion of secondary school
The certificate, which testifies about obtaining of compulsory education, it is in England and on Wales so-called GSCE - General Of certificate of Of secondary Of education. For obtaining this certificate, or in English, certificate, with the reaching by the students of 16 years and the end of 11 classes of charter school, it is necessary to return final examinations. The special qualification committees deal with the development of examination programs (Qualification and Curriculum Of authority), that are appeared are independent by the government agencies. The ministry of formation of the country asserts these programs.
In contrast to Russia in Britain it is accepted to enter estimations not by numbers and by letters. In the British school there is a force-eight system of estimations. As the successful result are considered obtaining such estimations as “[A]*”, “A”, “in”, “[s]”. Therefore the degree of the success of one or other school or another in the formation is measured by the number of students, who received according to the results examinations GSCE five or is more than the marks between “[A]*” and “[s]”. In all on GSCE are surrendered eight examinations on eight objects.
In the case of the unsuccessful delivery of examinations the student is right in year to retake them. For those, who will intend to retake examinations, school provides for special annual course - he so he is called: the course of preparation for peresdachi of examinations GSCE.
After returning examinations on GSCE and after obtaining certificate about the completion of required instruction, to leave school to 16-year youth or to the girl it is not necessary. At will being studied, successfully returned examinations on GSCE, it can continue instruction all in the same general education public school in order, after passing its highest steps, to return the examinations, which open to it university education, or to reach the specific professional preparation. Obtaining certificate about the completion compulsory education (GSCE) right to the entering into the higher educational institution does not ensure. In order to obtain this right, it is must to return the examinations of another level, so-called level “A” (A -levels) on several objects (as a rule, on two-three). The study of these objects is passed to the classes of the highest step of charter school or in the college. These classes are named the 12th and 13th classes. At the end the 12th class students pass intermediate examinations A -levels on the studied objects. At the end of the 13th class are surrendered the examinations exhaust, they entrance. Thus, the classes of level “A”, or A -levels, they are “highest echelon of school instruction” with the preparation in the university.
11. Quarry -edvayzer in the schools of England
There is in the British schools the official, to the method to whom the students of upper exhaust classes come so frequently, that now and then in its office is built the turn. Who this? Already not school whether doctor? By no means. These are - adviser on the selection of future profession, on job placement after school, consultant on all questions, which are concerned further studies, the supply of statements in VUZ (Institute of Higher Education) or college. This is school careers of adviser. With its aid the students obtain the information about which order of the supply of statements in VUZ, such as objects it is desirable to select for the study on the level “A” in order to enter one or other department or another of university, they learn about their rights to obtaining of financial loan for continuing the studies or about the procedure of job placement. Hundreds of questions disturb in the period of determination “whom to be” 16-18- summer students. And their first teacher by this method - school quarry -edvayzer. The presence of this organic unit in the school is provide ford with statute about the fact that all students of British schools must have the possibility to obtain information, councils and manuals relative to their future career - i.e., of further studies and professional selection. In accordance with the recent solutions, all schools must include in training program for the classes being studied 9-11- X program on the professional orientation.
12. Enrollment into VUZ (Institute of Higher Education)
Entrance examinations in British VUZ there does not exist. In the year before the namechennogo entering, concluding the last class of school, which is studied will be given statement in the higher educational institution. Moreover not into one, but immediately into six. Of course in one and the same selected specialty. After examining all characteristics of candidate, sent both by it personally, and its school, after studying the results of intermediate school examinations, universities make decision about that, there will be they to invite this competitor to the studies or not. In the case of the negative solution the competitor of place obtains information about the failure. In the case of the positive solution - so-called [offer] (proposal of place). [Offer] can be both the conditional and bezuslovnym. Bezuslovnyy indicates, independently of the results of final examinations in the school to candidate is already provide ford place at this university. Conditional proposal implies that the candidate will be accepted, if he collects on the school examinations the required quantity of marks.
But how, however, and why to enter immediately into six universities? To time it meetsya, to be trained immediately in six is by no means impossible. System six statements only allows the possibility of wider selection - both for the future students and for the universities. Each university will find student, who corresponds to his requirements, and each student will obtain the university, which he deserves. However, how much offerov not obtained the candidate didate (it may happen that it does not obtain not one), not long before the final examinations in the school it will have to make the final decision: to name one of its invited universities by its “solid selection” and one more - “by fallback position”, and all the remaining proposals (if they, certainly, were) - to deflect. If candidate will collect the quantity of marks, which corresponds to the requirements of his university “solid selection”, then in it he will be enrolled automatically. If marks it proves to be sufficiently as soon as for “alternate”, it means in it to it and it is in prospect it learns. In the case of the shortage of marks not into one of the universities the candidate can traverse the special system of the search for places at those universities, which were short changed the necessary number of students, and to fill the existing in them vacancy. By accurately such means will search for to himself place that competitor, who did not obtain invitations generally. But if and in this search candidate proves to be outboard, he has the right to retake school examinations and to attempt to enter university for the following year. In the student enrolled into VUZ (Institute of Higher Education) the so-called year of leave is the right to take: this means to reserve that isolated to it place and to approach to studies year later. This right use today many students, trying in its tempering year to earn extra money to the forthcoming studies.
13. Universities in Britain
The remarkable world record belongs on the part of higher education of Britain: in this country per capita of population comes the largest number of universities. But how much precisely VUZ (Institute of Higher Education) are counted in this university country? Eighty seven. Plus to this of 64 VUZ of neuniversitetskogo profile. Concept “college” often introduces a certain confusion into understanding of British educational system, therefore as by college it is accepted to name and charter schools (of Eaton's type), which are not been VUZ, and VUZ as such. In this case, college- VUZ can exist independently, and it can come out as the component part of the university. Thus, of several colleges and schools consists one of the most prestigious universities of Britain - university. They heard many about the renowned London school of the economy and political sciences or about the Imperial- college, but not many know that also the first and the second are the component parts London university, which is used for them as base and administrative center. Student, who is successfully trained in one of the colleges or the schools LU (University of Of london), can select “floating” method of instruction, i.e., the part of the course study one college, and part - in other.
Thus, there is neither in Cambridge nor in Oxford united “geographical” concept - university in the sense of our university town or separate building. For example, Cambridge university consists of 23 autonomous colleges. And therefore graduate usually speaks that he it graduated from not Cambridge university, but, let us say, Kingz or the Trinity (they are intended colleges with a similar name). The universities of Cambridge and Oxford exist with XIII of century, being the citadel of the traditions of classical formation. Students, professors to this day haughty bear the ancient (in the sense of style) mantles, which stagger the imagination of the staring on them foreign tourists. In Britain there is a solid persuasion: good university - old university. Therefore the diplomas “of novices” - those VUZ (Institute of Higher Education), that, was obtained university status recently, are evaluated as less prestigious and less solid. It is numerous old and even ancient universities in Britain: for example, holy Andrews's university, in whom from the autumn will begin to learn crown prince William, this university was laid in THE XV century. The universities of the Scottish cities of Glasgow and Aberdeen are also its contemporaries, and to the capital university of Scotland - to the university of Edinburgh - to one century it is less. For this very reason the diplomas of data of universities were always and to this day they remain in the price. However, in essence the universities of Britain were based in THE XIX - beginning of the 20th century. The significant number of new universities they appeared in the 60's now narrower than last century. And the universities of last wave entirely already became novices, appeared on the map of higher education of Britain in 1992, when it was decided to appropriate status of universities that been to polytechnic institutes. In the university rating, which is yearly conducted in Britain, former [politekhi] are separated into the special category “new universities” and they compete for the title of the best precisely in this” group dependent on age. Among the latter it is numerous very promising VUZ, which had time literally after several years to show its highest (frequently not less, but even higher, than in old universities) potentials. There is in university system in Britain and one additional specific character: instruction in university it is divided into the courses of first stage (undergraduate) and the courses of the following step (postgraduate). Of course first step last, as a rule three years, sometimes four, and in the medical departments - five or six, after which graduate obtains the degree of baccalaureate on the object studied by it, for example: the baccalaureate of skills, the baccalaureate of jurisprudence, the baccalaureate of natural sciences and so forth Approximately third of those, who passed first university stage, after obtaining baccalaureate, they continue instruction the courses of the highest step: postgraduate. The duration of course is as a rule, two or three years. The degree of master or doctor is appropriated at the end. This degree indicates higher qualification in the selected profession and respectively are opened greater possibilities for the career.
14. State financing of formation at the universities
Material difficulties experience, however, not some academicians alone, but, first of all, British students. Studies at the university always required of the local student of the investment of the means: it is necessary to very to pay for the dwelling (university it can, as a rule, grant paid hostels, or it is possible to very to remove room in the private sector), for the teaching aids, to ensure itself with subsistence and so on and so forth. However, after studies as such until recently for British citizen to, fortunately pay it was not necessary (from the foreign students pay traditionally it was collected and it is collected, in this case each university it has its valuations). However, beginning from 1998-1999 academic years in British it was introduced the yearly pay for the instruction, which is approximately one thousand of pounds sterling. For the student budget the innovation proved to be the present impact: in the subsequent two years the number of statements in the British VUZ (Institute of Higher Education) sharply it was reduced. The wave of the student strikes, which require the cancellation of pay for the instruction, gave a ride on the British universities. Scotland by the decision of its parliament soon abolished pay for the universities, after making thus its educational institutions most attractive: today they lead in the number of statements coming in them from high school seniors of all corners of Great Britain. In the opinion the union of the students of Britain, the state financing of university education is clear it is insufficient. Today each fifth student throws studies in the first courses because of the shortage of means. Pay for the instruction for all is required and no whether in this rule of exceptions. Exceptions nevertheless are located: those are freed from the payment students, income in whose families is located below the specific minimum. The local organs of formation can isolate the money assistance, named by Grant, to the financial requiring themselves students or student- invalids. Grant's size is determined on to individual basis. For the outstanding studies the student can be awarded by allowance. Finally, as the third version of financial support can serve the special student loan, size and conditions of delivering which are determined by the company of student loans (Student Of loans Of company). The return of loans will be produced already after the completion of studies from the wage of young specialist. In this case, according to the conditions of the student loans, determined by government, to pay out loan the graduate of VUZ (Institute of Higher Education) it will begin only after that. as its annual earnings will exceed number into 10 thousand of pounds sterling. But if for some reasons wage descends below this mark, the payment of loan will be stopped. In the opinion students, the payment of student loan is very heavy burden for the young specialists, and therefore requirement to abolish pay for the university instruction remains the main slogan of the day of British students.
15. Instruction in length into the life
In 1998 the British ministry of formation developed and affirmed strategic program, named lifelong of learning, then in the instructions during entire life. This program is provided for the development of such forms of the instructions, which would allow to sit down at the desk people of any age and any educational level with the fact, to strengthen their knowledge, to master new professional habits or to obtain elementary literacy, if in view of the specific circumstances it was impossible to make this in the school age (speech in this case it goes, as a rule, about the immigrants from the Third World Countries). Instruction for the adult is conducted in Britain in essence in so called the centers of instruction and in the special colleges, which are found in local educational in the activity similar of instruction, as a rule, with the active the participation different voluntary and public organizations, such, as the association of the instruction of workers. Special courses for the adult can be present so, also, in the number of universities. To the organizations, which correspond for the development of strategy of formation for the adult the national institute of the continued formation for the adult and the agency relate Base training.
Curriculums for adults often offer following programs: foreign languages, physical preparation and sports; a various sort of needlework and applied skill; computer technologies.
About 1,1 million adults are trained today in England and on the Wales on various sorts rates in the educational centers and colleges.