Other solid compound adjectives are for example:
· Numbers that are spelled out and have the suffix – fold added: "fifteen ‘fold", "six fold".
· Points of the compass: "northwest", northwesterly, "northwestwards", but not North –West Frontier.
Hyphenated compound adjectives
A compound adjective is hyphenated if the hyphen helps the reader differentiate a compound adjective from two adjacent adjectives that each independently modifies the noun. Compare the following examples:
· "acetic acid solution": a bitter solution producing vinegar or acetic acid (acetic + acid + solution)
· "acetic - acid solution ": a solution of acetic acid.
The hyphen is unneeded when capitalization or italicization making grouping clear:
· "Old English scholar ": an old person who is English and a scholar, or and old scholar who studies English
· "Old English scholar": is scholar of Old English
· "De facto proceedings" not (de – facto)
If, however, there is no risk of ambiguities, it may be written without a hyphen: "Sunday morning walk". Hyphenated compound adjectives may have been formed originally by an adjective preceding noun:
· "Round table" – "round – table discussion"
· "Blue sky" – "blue sky law"
· "Red light" – "red light district"
· "Four wheels" – "four wheel drive" (the singular, not the plural is used).
Others may have originated with a verb preceding and adjective or adv: "feel good" – "feel – good factor", "by now, pay later" – "by – now pay – later purchase".
Yet others are created with an original verb preceding a preposition:
· "Stick on" - "stick – on label"
· "Walk on" - "walk – on part"
· "Stand by" - "stand – by fare"
· "Roll on; roll off" - "roll – on roll – off ferry".
The following compound adjectives are always hyphenated when they are not written as one word:
· An adjective preceding a noun to which –d or –ed has been added as a past – participle construction, used before a noun:
o "loud – mouthed hooligan"
o "middle – aged lady"
o "rose - tinted glasses "
· A noun, adjective, or adv preceding a present participle:
o "an awe – inspiring personality"
o "a long – lasting affair"
o "a far –reaching decision"
· Numbers spelled out or as numerals:
o "seven-year itch"
o "five-sided polygon"
o "20th-century poem"
o "30-pice band"
o "tenth-story window"
· A numeric with the affix –fold has a hyphen (15-fold), but when spelled out takes a solid construction (fifteen fold).
· Numbers, spelled out or numeric, with added –odd: sixteen –odd, 70-odd.
· Compound adjectives with high- or low-: "high-level discussion", "low-price markup".
· Colors in compounds:
o "a dark-blue sweater"
o "a reddish-orange dress".
· Fractions as modifiers are hyphenated: "five-eight inches", but if numerator or denominators are already hyphenated, the fraction itself does not take a hyphen: "a thirty-three thousandth part".
· Fraction used as nouns have no hyphens: "I ate only one third of pie".
· Comparatives and superlatives in compound adjectives also take hyphens:
o "the highest-placed competitor"
o "A shorter-term loan".
· However, a construction with most is not hyphenated:
o "The most respected member".
· Compounds including two geographical modifiers:
o "Afro-Cuban"
o "African-American" (sometimes)
o "Anglo-Asian"
· But not
o "Central American".
The following compound adjectives are not normally hyphenated:
· Where there is no risk of ambiguity:
o "a Sunday morning walk"
· Left-hand components of a compound adjective that end in –ly that modify right-hand components that are past participles (ending in –ed):
o "a hotly disputed subject"
o "a greatly improved scheme"
o "a distantly related celebrity"
· Compound adjectives that include comparatives and superlatives with more, most, less or least:
o "a more recent development"
o "the most respected member"
o "a less opportune moment"
o "the least expected event"
· Ordinarily hyphenated compounds with intensive adv in front of adjectives:
o "very much admired classicist"
o "Really well accepted proposal".
English compound adjectives are formed:
1. Adjective + noun: blackboard
2. Adjective + adjective: blue-green, dark-red, light-green.
3. Adjective + verb: highlight
4. Adjective + preposition: forthwith.
In Uzbek compound adjectives are formed in the following way:
1. Noun + noun – these adjectives are written separately: ҳаво ранг, кул ранг
2. Adjective + noun – these adjectives are written as one word: қимматбаҳо
3. Noun or adverb a verb with the suffix "ap": тезоқар, эрксевар, меҳнатсевар
But these adjectives are hyphenated when we translate it into English: меҳнатсевар - hard-working, эрксевар - peace – loving and etc.
4. Noun + "apo" word: халқаро as in English international.
There are a group of words which form compound adjectives, such as: аралаш, йўқ, кўл, олий, оч, тўқ, тўла, чала: қумаралаш лой, тенги йўқ қиз, кўп тармоқли соҳа, олий маълумотли, оч қизил, қорни тўқ, тўқ қизил.
In English we can also find the signal words which form compound adjectives; but they are hyphenated: light, dark, long, middle, high: e.g. light – green, dark-blue, middle-aged, long-legged, and high-qualified.
German compound adjectives are formed like English compound adjectives.
1. Adjective + adjective +Adjektive = shwarzweissrot.
Deutsch + usbekisch = deutsch - usbekisch
2. Hell + grün = hell – grün. As in English light – green
3. Adjektive + Adverb = bekannt + in der Welt = Wellbekannt
машхур + дунёда = дунёга машхур
hart + wie Stahl = Stahlhart
қаттиқ + пўлатдай
This kind of adjectives always express comparison rot + wie ziegel = ziegelrot - красныйкаккирпич
blau + wie himmel = himmelblau - синий как небо
But in English “as … as” is used to show comparison: as blue as the sky
2.3.3 Compound Verbs
In Uzbek compound verbs are formed by joining two words:
1. Verb + noun – verb word: дам олмоқ (to rest), ҳимоя қилмоқ(to defend), пайдо бўлмоқ(to appear).
Some of them are synonyms to simple verbs:
ёрдам бермоқ, = ёрдамлашмоқ, - to help – to give a hand
2. Verb + verb = сотиб олмоқ, чиқариб олмоқ, ютиб олмоқ.
Some verbs such as ўқиб чиқди, кўриб бўлди, бошлаб юборди are not compound verbs in speech. They have no a new lexical meaning.
Verbs which are considered compound, may not be a compound verb in English and German:
муҳокама қилмоқ – to discuss (simple verb)
ғолиб бўлмоқ – to win
In German the main word of compoundverb is the second word, but modifying one will be:
· Noun:
teilnehmen - қатнашмоқ
rad fahren - велосипедда учмоқ
· Adjective:
fertigmachen-tayorlamoq, oxiragacha bajarmoq.
festhalten - ushlamoq.
leichtfallen - oson bo`lmoq
· Verb: kennenlernen - знакомитъся.
2.3.4 Classification of compound Words Basedon Correlation
· According to the type of correlation all productive types of compound words may be classified into four major classes:
1. Adjectival-nominalcompounds comprise four subgroups of compound adjectives-three of them are proper and one derivational, they are built after the following formulas and patterns:
· a, b) the n+a formula, e. g. snow-white, colour-blind, journey-tired correlative; with word-groups of the A + as+N,. A +prp+Ntype, e. g. white as snow, blind to colours, tired of journey. The structure is polysemantic;
· c) the s+ved formula, e g. fear-stained, duty-bound, wind-driven correlated with word-groups of the type Ved with/by+N, e. g. stained with tears, bound by duty,etc. The distributional formula is monosemantic and is based on the instrumental relations between the components;
· d) num+n formula, e. g. (a) two-day (beard), (a) seven-year (plan), (a) forty-hour (week) correlative with Num + N type of phrases, e. g. two days, sevenyears, etc. Adjectives of this subgroup are used only attributively;
· e) the (a+n) + -ed pattern of derivational compounds, e. g. long-legged, low-ceilinged. This structure includes two more variants; the first member of the first component may be a numeral stem or a noun-stem (num+n) +-ed, (n+n) +-ed, e. g. one-sided, three-cornered, doll-faced, bell-shaped. Compounds of this subgroup are correlative with phrases of the type—with (having) + A+N, with (having) + Num+N, with (having)+N+N (or N+of+N), e. g. with (or having) a low ceiling, with (or having) one side, with (or having) three corners, with (or having) a doll face forwith (or having) the face of a doll, with (or having) the shape of a bell.
· The system of productive types of compound adjectives may be presented as follows (table 2).
2. Verbal-nominal compounds belong to compound nouns. They may all be described through one general distributional structure n+nv,i. e. a combination of a simple noun-stem with a deverbal noun-stem. This formula includes four patterns differing in the character of the deverbal noun-stern. They are all based on verbal-nominal word-groups, built after the formula V+N or V+prp+N:
· a) [n+v+-er)] pattern, e. g. bottle-opener, stage-manager, baby-sitter, peace-fighter, is monosemantic and is based on agcntive relations that can be interpreted as 'one who does smth';
· b) [n+ (v+-ing)]pattern, e. g, rocket-flying, stage-managing, is monosemantic and may be interpreted as 'the act of doing smth';
c) [n+ (v+tion/-ment)]pattern, e. g. price-reduction, office-management, is monosemantic and may be interpreted as 'the act of doing smth';
d) compound nouns with the structure n+(v+ conversion), i, e. a combination of – a simple noun-stem with a deverbal noun-stem resulting from conversion, e. g. wage-art, dog-bite, chimney-sweep. The pattern is monosemantic.
3. V e r b a l v e r b compounds are a11 derivational compound nouns built after one formal n [(v+adv)+conversion] and correlative with phrases of the V+Adv type, a. g. a break-down from (to) break down, a hold-up from (to): hold up, a lay-out from (to) lay out. The pattern ispolysemantic and is circumscribed by the manifold semantic relations typical of conversion pairs.1
4. Nominal compounds are all nouns built after the most polysemantic distributional formula (n+n); both stems are in most cases simple, e. g. pencil-case, windmill, horse-race. Compounds of this class correlate with nominal word-groups mostly characterized by the N+prp+N structure.
Table 3 shows the system of productive types of compound nouns of these three structural classes.
2.3.5 Distributional formulas of Subordinative Compounds
The internal structure of subordinative compounds is marked by a specific pattern of order and arrangement in which the stems follow one another. The order in which the stems are placed within a compound is rigidly fixed in Modern English as the structural centre of the word is always its second component. Stems of almost every part of speech are found in compounds but they are combined to make up compound words according to a set of rigid rules for every part of speech. The choice of stems and the rules of their arrangement and order are known as distributional or structural formulas and patterns of compound words.
As to the order of components subordinative compound words may be classified into two groups:
a) Syntactic compounds whose components are placed in the order that resembles the order of words in free phrases arranged according to the rules of syntax of Modern English.
The order of the stems in compounds, e.g. bluebell, slowcoach, mad – doctor (a+n) reminds one of the order and arrangement of the corresponding words in phrases like a blue bell, a slow coach, a mad doctor (A+N); compounds like, e.g. know – nothing, kill-joy, tell-tale made up on the formula v+n resemble the arrangement of words in phrases like (to) kill joy, (to) know nothing, (to) tell tales (V+N); the order of components in compounds consisting of two noun – stems door-handle, day-time (n+n) resembles the order of words in nominal phrases with the attributive function of the first noun as in stone wall, spring time, peace movement, etc. (N+N).
b) Asyntactic compounds whose stems are not placed in the order in which the corresponding words can be brought together under the rules of syntax of the language. For example it is universally known that in free phrases adjectives cannot be modified by adjectives, noun modifiers cannot be placed before adjectives or participles, ye t this kind of asyntactic arrangement of stems is typical of compounds among which we find combinations of two adjective stems, e.g. red-hot, bluish-black, pale-blue; words made up of noun – stems placed before adjective or participle stems, e.g. oil-rich, tear-stained, etc.
Both syntactic and asyntactic compound words in each part of speech should be described in terms of their distributional formulas. For example, compound adjectives are mostly formed of noun, adjective or participle stems according to the formulas n+a, e.g. oil-rich, world-wide; n+ved1 , e.g. snow-covered, home-grown; a+a, e.g. pale-green, red-hot, etc.
Borderline between compound words and free word-groups
Compound words as inseparable vocabulary units taking shape in a definite system of grammatical forms and syntactic characteristics are generally clearly distinguished from and often opposed to free word-groups. Their inseparability finds expression in the unity of their structural, phonetic and graphic integrity.
Chapter IV
2.4 Compound words and free word groups
Compound words as inseparable vocabulary units are on the one hand clearly distinguished from free word-groups by a combination of their specific stress pattern, spelling and their distributional formulas. On the other hand, compound words in Modern English lie astride the border between words and word-groups and display many features common to word-groups, thus revealing close lies and parallelism with the system of free phrases.1 The linguistic analysis of extensive language data proves that there exists a rigid correlation between the system of free phrases andall types of subordinative compounds. The correlation embraces both the structure and the meaning of compound words and seems to be the pivot point of the entire system of productive present-day English composition. The analysis of the structural and semantic correlation between compound words and free word-groups enables us to find the features most relevant to composition and set e system o; ordered rules for productive formulas after which aninfinite number of new compounds constantly appear in the language.
Structural Correlation.