Глава 3. Практические аспекты изучения средств выражения категории «противоположность».
Итак, в предыдущей части нашей работы мы установили, что в языке противоположность находит отражение в антонимах и конверсивах. Однако во второй части данной работы попытаемся показать это на антонимии, так как она является ярким выражением категории “ противоположность” Материалом исследования послужили: словарь антонимов Комиссарова В.Н; словарь Hornby; и рассказы М.Спарк.
Как уже было сказано выше, все антонимы можно разделить на две большие группы: корневые и аффиксальные.
Для начала рассмотрим на практике корневые антонимы. В эту группу входят слова, корни которых противоположны по своему значению. В художественной литературе можно найти множество примеров антонимов этой группы.
Корневые антонимы: New - old
The new town of Whitney Clay had swallowed up the old village.
New – not existing before; introduced, made, invented, etc. recently or for the first time.
Old – having been in existence or use for a long time.
Из дефиниции этих слов мы видим, что они являются антонимами, так частица NOT является элементом образования антонимов.
Black - white
The baby’s black and nothing can make it white.
Black – of the very darkest colour; the opposite to white.
White – of the very palest colour, like fresh snow or milk.
Значения данных слов содержат противоположные семы dark и pale, поэтому данные слова будут антонимами.
Cold – warm
Don’t keep him too warm ma’am. But be careful that you don’t let him be too cold.
Cold – of a low or lower than usual temperature.
Warm – of or at a fairly high temperature.
Значения данных слов содержат противоположные семы low и high, поэтому данные слова являются антонимами.
Dead - alive
We like letters to mothers, dead or alive.
Dead – no longer live.
Alive – living, not dead
В дефиниции слова alive содержится отрицательная частица NOT, которая является элементом образования антонимов, поэтому данные слова будут антонимами.
Distant – near
It may be near, it may be distant; while the road lasts nothing turns me.
Distant – far away in space or time.
Near – within a short distance of space or time.
Значения данных слов содержат противоположные семы faraway и short, поэтому данные слова являются антонимами.
Dry – wet
It is difficult enough to fix a tent in dry weather; in wet the task become herculean.
Dry – not wet, damp or sticky.
Wet – covered or soaked with liquid, esp water.
В значении слова dry содержится отрицательная частица NOT, которая является элементом образования антонимов, поэтому данные слова будут антонимами.
False – true
Listening to her, i was beyond knowing whether her insight was true or false.
False – wrong, not correct.
True – rightly called, genuine or sincere.
Значения этих содержат противоположные семы wrong и right, поэтому данные слова являются антонимами.
Beautiful – ugly
Do you know what it is to be ugly all your life and inside to feel that you are beautiful.
Beautiful – having beauty; giving pleasure to the senses or the mind.
Ugly – unpleasant, esp to look at.
В данном случае слова pleasure и unpleasant являются однокорневыми. Слово unpleasant произошло от слова pleasant + un, а un является отрицательным префиксом, поэтому слова ugly и beautiful будут антонимами.
Female – male
This, of course, to all individuals, of course male and female.
Female – of the sex that can give birth to children.
Male – of the sex that cannot give birth to children.
В значении слова male содержится отрицательная частица NOT, которая является элементом образования антонимов, поэтому данные слова являются антонимической парой.
Ill – well
“I hope Phuong’s well,” he said. “I have never known her ill.”
Ill – in an unkind or critical way.
Well – in a kind way.
В данном случае ill является антонимом слову well. Значение слова ill содержится слово unkind, которое произошло от kind+un, где un является отрицательным префиксом, образующим антонимы.
Poor – rich
It is only that he has better means of having it than many others, because he is rich, and many others are poor.
Poor – having very little money with which to buy one’s basic needs.
Rich – having a lot of money or property; wealthy.
Дефиниции этих слов содержат противоположные семы little и alot, поэтому данные слова являются антонимами.
На основании вышеприведенных примеров можно сделать вывод, что слова являются противоположными,то есть антонимами, если их значения содержат противоположные семы, отрицательную частицу NOT или отрицательные префиксы un-; in-(il-; im-; ir-;) dis-; суффикс –less.Далее приведены примеры содержащие антонимические пары.
Defence - offence
Best defence is offence.
Today – yesterday
The superstition of today is the science of yesterday.
Good - bad
What’s good about not being bad?
Alike – different
It was unbelievable two people could look so much alike and be so completely and utterly different.
Difficult – easy
They were not difficult and for a girl of Roberta’s natural grace and zest, easy.
Alike – different
How is it that two people, just a brother and sister, can be so alike and so different?
Despair – hope
Sometimes i hope, my dear, and sometimes i don’t quite despair, but nearly.
Dimish – increase
The softness of Dinny’s feelings dimished the watchfulness increased.
Drunk – sober
“You are very drunk,” Gwen said. “Sober as a judge,” he said.
Early – late
At first it was too early for the boy to be received into the proper refuge and at last it was too late.
Evil – good
And so the factory came to be regarded as a good thing, not an evil.
Failure – success
Naturally i went to evert a conflict in with success would damage me and failure disable me.
Fast – loose
Surely Fleur would see in the long run that he couldn’t play fast and loose.
Fear – hope
A strange conflict of hopes and fears raged within Dinny.
Above – below
One is too far below me ( i mean in her own opinion ), and the other is too high above me.
Absence – presence
To him the presence or absence of his wife’s sister was a matter of indifference.
Absolute – relative
His vitality was absolute, not relative.
Accept – decline
I cannot accept this offer, Lord Caversham, i have made up my mind to decline it.
Act – word
A brawl or boil is a rude quarrel by word or act or both.
Active – passive
This was no passive belief, but an active weapon which they flashed more convenient places of business.
Dead – alive
“Speak” he cried, “and tell us whether you are alive or dead…”
Answer – ask
It is always worth while asking a question, though it is not always worth answering one.
Attack – defence
Dyke had stood between cab and fender through out all the duel, exposed, reckless, thinking only of attack and not of defence.
Back – forward
He distinguished the choice open to him of forward or back, and he selected forward.
Beast – man
But man or beast, it will be wise to stay here a minute and let get by and out of the way.
Begin – end
Romance should never begin with sentiment. It should begin with science and end with a settlement.
Clever – foolish
You don’t mean to say that this charming, clever young lady has been so foolish as to accept you?
Begin – finish
Office affairs are easy to begin and difficult to finish, particularly in a small town.
Cold – hot
First you are hot, then you are cold, and the best you have got is the fact you are old.
Complicated – simple
“But this is complicated.” -“And on the paper very simple,” Robert Jordon grinned.
Cool – warm
For the first time her lips were not cool, shut and sisterly, but warm and open and delicious.
Dangerous – safe
But i think you are unreasonable. A thing cannot be bad because it is too dangerous and too safe.
Darkness – light
Therefor whatsoever ye have spoken in darkness shall be heard in light.
Deed – word
Annie Bauman was the only one who did not feel ashamed to avow herself by word and deed the companion of Gretel and them.
Find – lose
You do that when you’ve lost a horseshoe that you’ve found, instead of nailing it up over the door.
Forget – remember
Soldiers must not forget, they said, soldiers must not remember; all that’s treason.
Friend – enemy
I asked for us to be friends, Margaret, not enemies.
Gain – loss
“Let us weigh the gain and loss,” he quoted, “in wagering that God is, let us entimate these chances. If you gained, you gain all; if you lose, you lose nothing.”
Good – harm
He must have been doing more harm than good around here.
Give – receive
We know what we give, we cannot know what we receive.
Guilty – innocent
So the law assumed there must be one guilty party, and one innocent party who has been wronged by desertion of the matrimonial bed.
Happy – miserable
He seemed to think it remarkable that he should be so miserable in axactly the same place where he had once been happy.
Heavy – light
His head felt empty, light as air; his feet were heavy as lead.
Ignorance–knowledge
The journey from ignorance to knowledge of an individual student may remain a unique series of events whilst being controlled by a set of fixed rules.
Left – right
Dora paid grocery bills right and left for two years.
Loathe – love
If a man and woman sinned, let them go for into the desert to love or loathe each other there.
Lose – win
Win or lose – nothing worse for public life than private ruction.
Never – now
This overmastering wish of this – for its fulfilment it was now or never with him!
War – peace
I do not claim that, even today, the issues of right and wrong, of war and peace are so clear to everyone as they were in my special circumstances.
Pleasure – sorrow
Whether from pleasure or from sorrow, great tears fell from my stupid eyes on Lorna’s letter.
Private – public
Yet, Monseigneur had slowly found that vulgar embarrassment crept into his affairs, both private and public.
Rise – sink
Martin sank or rose to Clif’s buoyancy, while Clif rose or sank to Martin’s speculativeness.
Ancient – modern
“That’s the modern views, anyway,” – “According to report the ancient one too.”
Annoy – please
He began to believe she might be in love with him and the thought was both pleasing and annoying.
Artificial – natural
He made the most dismal sounds i’ve ever heard produced by any means, natural or artificial.
Blessing – curse
Still, as i see it, marriage is a very sacred thing and children are a blessing – not a curse.
Comedy – tragedy
Old – young
The sole is born old but grows young. That is the comedy of life. And the body is born young and grows old. That is life’s tragedy.
Ashamed – proud
I know what love means now, and instead of being ashamed of, i’m proud of it.
Fast – slow
They sent me down a succession of compact, 9 boys who used to go fast when i wanted to go slow, and slow when i wanted to go fast.
Giant – pigmy
“So you think your friend in the city will be hard upon me, if i fail a payment?” – says the trooper, looking down upon him like a giant. “My dear friend, i am afraid he will,” – returns the old man looking up at him like a pigmy.
Open – close
Maida opened ii just wide enough for me to enter, then closed it again quickly.
Question – answer
“A lot of nice one, eh?” – said Maida, she had the local habit of placing the word “eh” at the end of her remarks, questions and answers alike.
Young – old
Kathleen was a little younger then me, but looked much older.