Years of UN peacekeeping efforts (стр. 4 из 4)

But by doing so the USA and Britain have violated the UN Charter according to which: "All Members shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state, or in any other manner inconsistent with the Purposes of the United Nations." [ ]

Many political leaders doubt the necessity to preserve the UNO as there were drastic actions made by it. I think that the main reason for it is that the USA is the main financial source of the UNO and the latter in its turn is not willing to lose it.

In some way, my work can be continued as the events that happen in the world change the situation greatly. The future will show whether the UNO will be preserved or whether it’ll lose its unique character.

REFERENCES

1. Basic Facts about the UN. Sales N^o E.95.1.31;

2. Bush G., Scowcroft B. Why We didn’t Remove Saddam. Times, June 21, 1998;

3. Contreras Joseph, Watson Russel. Saddam Old Tricks. News Week, June 15, 1998;

4. Documents of the United Nations Department of Public Information;

5. Dr. Jan Azud Csc. The Peaceful Settlement of Disputes and the UN. Bratislava: Publishing House of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, 1970;

6. Inside UNSCOM: The Inspector. Transcript of interview with Charles Duelfer, Deputy Chairman of the UN Special Commission to Iraq.;

7. Iraq Bars UN Inspection Teams From Searching For Weapons. Copyright 1998. The Associated Press.;

8. Malt Bill G. Parade of the Dead Babies. Times. August 7, 1998;

9. Nelan Bruce W. Selling the War Badly. Times, March 2, 1998;

10. Osmanczyk Edmund Jan. The Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Relations. 2^nd ed. New York: Taylor and Francis, 1990;

11. Peiser A., Serber M. U.S. History and Government. New York: Asmo School Publications, Inc., 1992;

12. Ritter Leaves Baghdad After Weapons Inspections. CNN News Release. March 10, 1998;

13. Saddam Hussein Freezes co-operation with UN inspectors. CNN News Release. August 5, 1998;

14. Scott Ritter Testifies In Senate. CNN News Release. September 4, 1998;

15. The UN Charter;

16. The World Book Encyclopedia. Chicago: Field Enterprises, Inc.

17. U.S. Reacts Sternly to Iraq’s Rebuff of Inspectors. CNN News Release, December 9, 1998;

18. U.S., Britain Bombard Iraq. CNN News Release, December 16, 1998;

19. United Nations Iraq-Kuwait observation mission;

20. Wedeman Ben “Iraqis protest, but against what?”;

21. Western Forces Pound Baghdad in Second, “Stronger” Assault. CNN News Release, December 17, 1998;

Appendix A

CHARTER OF THE UN

PREAMBLE

WE THE PEOPLES OF THE UNITED NATIONS DETERMINED

to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war, which twice in our lifetime has brought untold sorrow to mankind, and

to reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person, in the equal rights of men and women and of nations large and small, and

to establish conditions under which justice and respect for the obligations arising from treaties and other sources of international law can be maintained, and

to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom,

AND FOR THESE ENDS

to practice tolerance and live together in peace with one another as good neighbours, and

to unite our strength to maintain international peace and security, and

to ensure, by the acceptance of principles and the institution of methods, that armed force shall not be used, save in the common interest, and

to employ international machinery for the promotion of the economic and social advancement of all peoples,

HAVE RESOLVED TO COMBINE OUR EFFORTS TO ACCOMPLISH THESE AIMS

Accordingly, our respective Governments, through representatives assembled in the city of San Francisco, who have exhibited their full powers found to be in good and due form, have agreed to the present Charter of the United Nations and do hereby establish an international organization to be known as the United Nations.

Appendix B

The specialized agencies

· The International Labour Organization (ILO) formulates policies and programs to improve working conditions and employment opportunities, and defines international labour standards as guidelines for Governments;

· The Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO) works to raise levels of nutrition and standards of living, to improve agricultural productivity and food security, and to better the conditions of rural populations;

· The UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) promotes education for all cultural development, protection of the world's natural and cultural heritage, press freedom and communication;

· The World Health Organization (WHO) coordinates programs aimed at solving health problems and the attainment by all people of the highest possible level of health: it works in areas such as immunization, health education and the provision of essential drugs;

· The World Bank group provides loans and technical assistance to developing countries to reduce poverty and advance sustainable economic growth;

· The International Monetary Fund (IMF) facilitates international monetary cooperation and financial stability, and provides a permanent forum for consultation, advice and assistance on financial issues;

· The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) sets international standards necessary for the safety, security, efficiency and regularity of air transport, and serves as the medium for cooperation in all areas of civil aviation;

· The Universal Postal Union (UPU) establishes international regulations for the organization and improvement of postal services, provides technical assistance and promotes cooperation in postal matters;

· The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) fosters international cooperation for the improvement and use of telecommunications of all kinds, coordinates usage of radio and TV frequencies, promotes safety measures and conducts research;

· The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) promotes scientific research on the atmosphere and on climate change, and facilitates the global exchange of meteorological data and information;

· The International Maritime Organization (IMO) works to improve international shipping procedures, encourages the highest standards in marine safety, and seeks to prevent marine pollution from ships;

· The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) promotes international protection of intellectual property and fosters cooperation on copyrights, trademarks, industrial designs and patents;

· The International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) mobilizes financial resources for better food production and nutrition among the poor in developing countries;

· The UN Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) promotes the industrial advancement of developing countries through technical assistance, advisory services and training;

· The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), an autonomous intergovernmental organization under the aegis of the UN, works for the safe and peaceful uses of atomic energy;

· The UN and the World Trade Organization (WTO), the major entity overseeing international trade, cooperate in assisting developing countries' exports through the Geneva-based International Trade Centre.

Appendix C

"I want an understanding that will help my mission and make it successful"

Kofi Annan

United Nations Secretary General

Kofi Atta Annan, current Secretary General of the United Nations, is a native of Ghana -- at the time of his birth, still a British colony called the Gold Coast. He was born April 8, 1938, in Kumasi, the descendant of a prominent family of paramount chieftains of the Fante people.. Annan began his education at a Ghanaian university, then completed a degree in economics at Macalester College in St. Paul, Minn. He pursued graduate studies in Geneva at the Institut Universitaire de Hautes Etudes Internationales. Again in the United States, Annan earned an M.S. in management at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

By 1971, Annan had joined the United Nations.

His experience includes positions as Assistant Secretary General for Program Planning, Budget and Finance, head of human resources and security coordinator, director of the budget, chief of personnel for the High Commission for Refugees and administrative officer for the Economic Commission for Africa.

He was named Under Secretary General for Peacekeeping Operations on March 1, 1993. In the peacekeeping post he did, however, take on a number of delicate and complex jobs. He was sent to Iraq to negotiate the release of hostages and the safe transport of a half-million Asian workers who had become stranded in that area. As representative of the UN Secretary General in Bosnia., he negotiated his way among the four powers who had intervened in Bosnia -- the United States, Britain, France and Russia.

On the evening of December 13, 1996, Annan was named Secretary General of the United Nations -- the first black African to hold the job.

In the future, Annan will grapple with the problem of gaining support for the United Nations from the organisation's sceptics, especially the U.S. Congress.

Appendix D

Membership and Presidency of the Security Council in 1998
Month			Presidency	Membership Term Ends
January			France	Permanent Member
February			Gabon	31 December 1999
March			Gambia	31 December 1999
April			Japan	31 December 1998
May			Kenya	31 December 1998
June			Portugal	31 December 1998
July			Russian Federation	Permanent Member
August			Slovenia	31 December 1999
September			Sweden	31 December 1998
October			United Kingdom	Permanent Member
November			United States	Permanent Member
December			Bahrain	31 December 1999
Brazil	31 December 1999
China	Permanent Member
Costa Rica	31 December 1998

Appendix E

The United Nations was established in the aftermath of a devastating war to help stabilize international relations and give peace a more secure foundation.

The Nobel Peace Prize has been awarded five times to the United Nations and its organizations.

Appendix F

Country Profile

Iraq

General
Size:	437,072 sq. km
Location:	Middle East
Population:	21.4 million
Government:	Republic
Leader:	President Saddam Hussein

People
Languages	Arabic, Kurdish (official in Kurdish regions), Assyrian, Armenian
Major Religions	Muslim 97% (Shi'a 60%-65%, Sunni 32%-37%), Christian or other 3%
Ethnic groups	Arab 75%-80%, Kurdish 15%-20%, Turkoman, Assyrian or other 5%
Growth rate	3.69%
Birth rate	43.07 births/1,000
Death rate	6.57 deaths/1,000
Fertility rate	6.41 children/woman
Male life expectancy	65
Female life expectancy	68
Infant mortality rate	60 deaths/1,000 live births
Economy
Labor force	4.4 million
Unemployment rate	N/A
Inflation Rate	N/A
Gross domestic product (total value of goods and services produced annually)	$41.1 billion (1995 est.)
Budget	N/A
Debt	$50.0 billion (1989)
Exports	N/A
Imports	N/A
Defense spending	N/A
Highways	45,554 km (1989)

Appendix G

Saddam Hussein

President of Iraq

[1] Blitzkrieg (Ger.) – lightning war, traced back to WW II