Youought to make a point of going to the opera at least onceduring the season if you can. There you can get the best of everything- an exellent orchestras, famous conductors, celebated singersand well dressed audience. But, of course, if you are not fondof music and singing, won't interest you.
Atthe West End theatres you can see most of the famous English actors and actresses. As a rule, the plays are magnificentlystaged - costumes, dresses, scenery, everything being done of the most lavish scale. Choose a good play, and you'llenjoy yourself thoroughly from the moment the curtain goes upto the end of the last act. Get your seats beforehand, either atthe box-office of theatre itself or at one of the agencies. Whenyou go to a theatre, you'll probably want to seat as near to thestage as possible. But if you are at the cinema, you may prefer to seat some distance from the screen. In fact, I would say,the further away the better.
ARTIN MOSCOW
Speakingabout art gallereys of Moscow we must mention the mostfamous gallereys.
TheState Tretyakov gallery is one of the best known picture gallereys in Russia. It takes it's name from it's founder Pavel Tretyakov,a Moscow mercant. In the 19'th century Tretyakov began to collect russian paintings. He visitet all the exibitions and artstudios and bought the best pictures. Little by little Tretyakov extended his interests and began to collect earlier Russianpaintings. In 1881 Tretyakov opened in St. Peterburg to the public, 11 years later he donated it to the city of Moscow. Sincethen the gallerey has received hundred paintings from oter museumsand private collections. The Tretyakov gallerey reflects thewhole history of Russian paintings from 11'th century to the presentday.
AlsoI'd like to tell you about state pushkin museum of fine art.The building was built in Greek stile by Roman Klein in 1898 -1912 to house a museum of fine art, founded of initiative of professorIvan Cvetayev. Since 1937 it has be known as The Puskin museumof fine art. It has one of the worlds largest ancient collectionsof european art. Now the picture gallerey has over 2 thousandsworks of various schools of painting which enaibous us to understand and appreciate the variaty of staills over the centuries.
ThePushkin museum pereodically hald's exibition of the art ofvarious countries and of individual outstanding artist of past andpresent.
Computers
WhenCharles Babbage, a professor of Mathematics at Cambridge university,invented the first calculating machine in 1812 he couldn’timagine the situation we find ourselves in today. Nearly everythingwe do in the world is helped, or even controlled by computers, thecomplicated descedants of his simple machine. Computers are used moreand more often in the world today, for the simple reason that theyare far more efficent than human beings. They have much bettermemories and they can store much information. No man alive can do500000 sums in one second, but a computer can. In fact, computers cando many of the things we do, but faster and better. They can predictweather, and ever play chess, write poetry or compose music.
Theuse of computers
Justas television has extended human sight across the barriers of timeand distance, so the computers extend the power of the human mindacross the existing barriers.
Computersin medicine
Computersare one of great importance in modern hospital. The chief use ofcomputers is the storing and sorting the medical knowledge which hasbeen equired in the last 50 years. No doctor can possible keep upwith all discoveries. The only solution of the problem is storemedical knowledge in a computer. Today there are medical computercenters were all existing knowledge of simpthoms of various dessiesesand of their treatment is stored. Doctors feed data on simpthoms inthe computer and get the nessesary information on correct diagnosticsand treatment.
Computersthat can be learn
Ordinarycomputer can remember only the data stored in the hard disk. Nowscientists have desighned machines, that are capable of learningfrom experience and remembering what they have learned. Such amachine is capable of recognising objects without human help orcontrol. Of course, they made many mistakes.
Thereis another similar machine which can look at letter alphabet a simplewords and they “say” thought a loudes speaker what it hasseen. The machine has as certain learning power.
Computersat the school
Informationscience with the ideas and message of processing and storinginformations is of great importance today. That’s why computertechnology must be told in secondary school. The new subject “basicinformation science”, and “computing machine” wasintreduste for the siner forms at schools. The pupils teachcomputers to anlestigate school problems. Contact with the machineincreases the interest in learning, makes them more serious aboutstuding new subject. School computers are used not only for studinginformation science, but also examinations purposes. Young people whofinish the school must be trained to operate computers.
Fedor Dostoevsky(1821-1881)
The Russian writer Dostoevski is regarded as one of theworld's great novelists. In Russia he was surpassed only by LeoTolstoi.
Fedor Mikhailovich Dostoevski was born on Nov. 11,1821, in a Moscow hospital where his father was a physician. At 13Fedor was sent to a Moscow boarding school, then to a militaryengineering school in St. Petersburg. Shortly after graduating heresigned his commission in order to devote his time to writing.
Dostoevski had published two novels and severalsketches and short stories when he was arrested along with a group ofabout 20 others with whom he had been studying French socialisttheories. After the 1848 revolutions in Western Europe, Russia's CzarNicholas I decided to round up all of that country's revolutionaries,and in April 1849 Dostoevski's group was imprisoned. Dostoevski andseveral others were sentenced to be shot, but at the last minutetheir sentence was changed to four years of hard labor in a prison inOmsk, Siberia. There, Dostoevski said, they were "packed in likeherrings in a barrel" with murderers and other criminals. Heread and reread the New Testament, the only book he had, and built amystical creed, identifying Christ with the common people of Russia.He had great sympathy for the criminals.
As a child Dostoevski suffered from mild epilepsy,and it grew worse in prison. After four years in prison, he was sentas a private to a military station in Siberia. There in 1857 he metand married a widow named Marie Isaeva.
In 1860 Dostoevski was back in St. Petersburg. Thenext year he began to publish a literary journal that was soonsuppressed, though he had by now lost interest in socialism. In 1862he visited Western Europe and hated the industrialism he saw there.Dostoevski had been separated from his wife but visited her in Moscowbefore her death in 1864. In 1867 he married his young stenographer,Anna Snitkina. He died on Feb. 9, 1881, in St. Petersburg.
Education in Russia
An educated person is one who knows a lot about manythings.I think it is very important that everyone should beeducated.Each pupils ought todo his best to become a useful member ofour society. Education is very important in our life. Going oneducational excursions gives us opportunities to acquire somescientific knowledge.
In the Russian Federation the school education iscompulsary. Pupils begin to go to school at the age of six. When theycomplete high grades they can either continue to study at school formore 2 years, or go to a professional school where they study notonly main subjects , but are able to learn some profession. Whenschool pupils leave school they can try to continue their educaton ininstitutes or universities.
There are many school types of schools in Russia:specialized, politecnical, musical art and others. Nowdays appearedsome new types of schools: gimnasiums and colledges.
Bath
Bath is an unusual city because it wasbuilt for leisure and health. Most of the houses were built in theeighteenth century when Bath became a fashionable place. The houseswere built with the pale golden-coloured stone from the nearbyhills. Some of the terraces in Bath were built in crescent orcircular shape. Some of the streets in Bath are closed to cars, sowalking around, relaxation and pleasant conversation are as popularas they were in the eighteenth century. In those days the favouritemeeting place was the social center of Bath, a building called “ThePump Room”. Here you can drink tea in the elegant atmosphere ofthe eighteenth century. The Pump Room was built over a spring, wherenatural hot water comes up from the underground. This water containsminerals which are good for you. The English were not the first toenjoy this warm, healthy water. The Romans built hot baths, swimmingpools, and a temple here nearly two thousand years ago. The RomanBath was fonded in 1878 and now ut’s stil work there. Near Bathyou can visit beautiful gardens and classical country houses. Devon.Around the world there are about forty Plymouths-all named by peoplewho sailed from this town in sixteenth and seventeenth century. Inthe early seventeenth century men and woman left from here to build anew life in America. The English Plymouth of today is Devons largestcity. Its an interesting city to visit and many of the housesoverlooking the sea are hotels, guest houses and bed and breakfast. Abed and breakfast is a private house which offers a room and abreakfast. Guest houses are like hotels but usually smaller andcheaper. The countryside of Devon has narrow country roads with highbanks on both sides, which protect you from the wind. Devon is agreen hilly county with many rivers and estuaries. Salcombe is apopular holiday town on the Kingsbridge Estuary. Here you can hire aboat and explore. Its one of the most popular places in Britain forsailing. One reason for its popularity is climate. This area is themost southernmost part of Britain, so its little warmer thanelsewhere. Another good thing is absence of big modern hotels. Theyare not allowed in this protected area of natural beauty. The localdrink in Devon is a strong cider called scrumpy. Its made of apples,using a traditional process. When the apples have been cut up, thepieces are scooped up with a wooden shovel and carried to a press.The lid of the press is placed on top, making a giant sandwich. Thecogwheels begin to turn and the juice is squeezed out, quickly atfirst. A few month from now this apple juice will be a good scrumpy.
Exploration
Christopher Columbus
300-400 years ago a great deal of the world wasundiscoveried. But now there seems little more to explore, the wildnorth was conquered, the jungle was conquered too. And it seems thatall the pages of the great book called “The Earth” hasbeen filled in, but exploration still goes on.
In the 15th century people knew only 3 continents:Europe, Asia and Africa. They knew nothing about America. The man whowas thought to be the discoverier of America was born in 1451 inItaly. His name was Cristopher Columbus.
Knowing that the earth was round he desided to reachIndia by sailing to the west. It was very difficult for him toorganize an expedition as nobody wanted to help him. At last theSpanish government gave him some money. In the 1492 he sailed with 3small ships in to the Atlantic ocean. They had been sailing for morethan 2 months and at last they saw land. Columbus was certain thatthe lands he discoveried were part of India and he called theseislands “The West Indias”. He made 3 voyagers to America.His last voyage was made in 1502-1504. After that, seriously ill, heremained in Spain until his death. He died believing that Cuba waspart of Asia. Colum-buse’s voyagers gave Europe first importantknowledge of the new world. Many places have been named in hishonour. America however was named after another explorer AmerigoVespucci.
Americus Vespucius (or Amerigo Vespucci, as the nameis spelled in Italian) was born in Florence, Italy, in 1454. He wasin Spain at the time of Columbus' first and second voyages. In aletter, written in 1504 and printed in 1505, he claimed to have madefour voyages, on the first of which, in 1497, he explored the SouthAmerican coast. This would make him the first European to land on theAmerican continent, for at that time Columbus had only reached theoutlying islands. Most scholars reject Vespucius' version of thisvoyage. Vespucius perhaps did accompany a Spanish expedition that ofAlonzo de Ojeda to South America in 1499, and in 1501 and 1503 heprobably went with Portuguese expeditions. Probably he nevercommanded an expedition himself and, of course, was not the firstperson to set foot on the continents to which his name is given.Vespucius died in Seville, Spain, in 1512.
Scotland.
Scotland is one offour part of the GB. In area Scotland is more than half as big asEngland. The principal cities of the country are : its capitalEdinburgh and the main industrial center Glasgow. Scottish towns lookvery different from English towns. Some words about Edinburgh . Edinburgh,capital of Scotland, is one of Britain’s most attractivecities. It’s a city for people who like to walk. You are neverfar from green parks, gardens and hills - even in the main shoppingstreets. It’s a busy modern city, but the history iseverywhere. At the top of the highest hill in Edinburgh is EdinburghCastle. It was the home of Scotland’s royal family until 1603when King James the 6thof Scotland became king of England and moved to London. The roadwhich begins at the castle and goes eastwards is called Royal Mile.At the other end of the Royal Mile is the Palace of Hollyroodhouse.It was built by a Scottish king before Scotland and England wereunited to make Great Britain. Now it is a second home for the Queenor her children, who usually visit Edinburgh in the summer. When theroyal family is not there you can visit the palace and see a lot ofinteresting things. There are nine hills in Edinburgh. They arelong-dead volcanoes. From the tops of them you can see two bridges :the modern road bridges an the old rail bridges which has carriedtrains to the Highlands for more than a hundred years. The highlandsof Scotland is mountainous and wild. In the winter it’s whitewith snow but in the summer it’s purple. Highlands are famousfor the Scottish Olympics or the Highland games ( it’s realname ). These games are not only sporting competitions : music anddifferent traditional games are very important too. While athletesthrow the hammer at the one end of the arena, you can watch a dancingcompetition at the other end. there is also a game for the strongestathletes - tossing the caber, which weights 60 kilos and is sixmetres long. These games are very popular in Highlands. Usuallybetween the mountains are rivers and lakes. Scottish people likefishing very much, that’s why they say that Scottish rivers aregood for two : fishing is one, the other is Scotch whisky. Whisky ismade from water and barley. The method hasn’t changed forhundreds years. Scotch whisky is the best one. Scotland is alsofamous for it’s kilt, the most important part of national dressand bagpipes - the national instrument. I thing Scotland is very beautifulcountry and if you visit it you shall never forget it.
Wales.
Wales is acountry of lakes and mountains. Its about the half the size ofSwitzerland, and it has a population of two and three quartermillion. On the north of Wales is some of the most beautiful sceneryin the British islands, the Snowdon mountain. Snowdon is Britain’ssecond highest mountain.
Walesis an not independent nation. In 1292, the English king, Edward,invaded Wales and built fourteen huge castles to control the Welshpeople. His son, Edward, became the first prince of Wales, since thenall the kings and queens of England have given their eldest sons thetitle, Prince of Wales. Prince Charles became the twenty-first Princeof Wales. Although the English have ruled Wales for many centuries,Wales still has its own flag, culture, and, above all, its ownlanguage. In the towns and villages of North Wales, many people speakEnglish only as a second language. Their first language is Welsh. InLlanberis, a small town at the foot of Snowdon, eighty-six per centpeople speak Welsh as their first language. At the local primaryschool children have nearly all their lessons in Welsh. The childrenshould be bilingual by the time that they are eleven years old. It isnot a problem for children to learn two languages at the same time.Children have insight into two cultures, so have all the folk talesof two languages. Children like Welsh because in Welsh you spellthings just how you say them, in English there are more silentletters.
Welsh isone of the oldest languages in Europe. Its a Celtic language, likeBreton in France, Gaelic in Ireland, or Gaelic in Scotland. Two and ahalf thousand years before these languages were spoken in many partsof Europe. They died out when the Romans invaded these areas, butsome of them survived in the north-west corner of Europe. But overthe last hundred years the number of Welsh-speaker has fallen veryquickly. Now only twenty per cent of Welsh people speak Welsh. Hereare some of the reasons for the decline.
In thenineteenth century people thought that Welsh an uncivilized language.If you wanted to be successful in life you had to learn English, thelanguage of the British Empire. So in many schools children wereforbidden to speak Welsh.
At thebeginning of the twentieth century many English and Irish peoplemoved to South Wales to work in the coal mines and steel works. Theydid not learn Welsh.
People,especially young people, moved away from the Welsh-speaking villagesand farms of north and west Wales to look for work in the big townsand cities, so the Welsh-speaking communities became much smaller.
In the1960s and 1970s many English people bought holiday cottages invillages in Wales. Most of them did not learn Welsh. This also pushedup the price of houses so that local Welsh-speaking people cold notafford them.
Englishcomes into every Welsh home trough the television, the radio,newspapers, books, etc. There are Welsh-language TV and radiostations, but far fever than English ones. And now there is cable andsatellite TV, too-in English, of course!
Thedecline has now stopped, because a lot has been done. Road signs,bilingual documentation, and there is a Welsh language act. Thefuture of Welsh is uncertain. The problem is that Welsh has tosurvive next door to English, and, as we all know, English is a verysuccessful language.
0.William Shakespeare.
1. Renaissance.
2. William Shakespeare.
3. Shakespeare’s works andHamlet’s soliloguy.
4. Enlightment.
5. DanielDefoe.
6. “Robinson Crusoe”.
7. JonathanSwift.
8. “Gulliver’s Travels”.
9.Robert Burns.
William Shakespeare.
Shakespeare is the most famous Britishplaywright in history. People know his name in almost every countryin the world. But who exactly was William Shakespeare? That is thequestion! Shakespeare was born in Stratford-upon-Avon on 23 April,1564. Families were big in those days. William had seven brothers andsisters. But his parent’s weren’t poor; his father, JohnShakespeare, was a successful businessman who bought and sold leatherand wool. His mother was the daughter of a rich farmer. WhenShakespeare left school, he went to work for his father. But soonafter, he met and fell in love with Ann Hathaway, the daughter of afarmer who lived in Stratford. They got married in December 1582, andjust five months late, their first daughter, Susanna, was born.William was 18. Ann was 25. What did Shakespeare do for the next tenyears? We don’t know exactly. We don’t know why he gaveup a good job in his father’s business and moved to London. Wedon’t know exactly when or why he became an actor andplaywright. All we know is that in 1592 he wrote his first play.After that, his plays became popular very quickly, and he made a lotof money. Four hundred years ago, Shakespeare built a theatre –The Globe – here in the center of London. It was one ofLondon’s first theatres. It was round and had no roof over thecenter – like the theatres of ancient Rome. OK in Rome –not such a good idea in cold, rainy London! The people of Londonloves going to the theatre. The globe could hold three thousandpeople. Some people sat to watch the plays; other stood in themiddle, in front of the stage. The audience were usually noisy, oftenclapping and cheering, and shouting to the actors – and therewere only actors, no actresses. Young boys played the parts of women.It often rained in London then, too. And everyone got very wet. In1610, after about twenty-five years in London, Shakespeare came backhere to Stratford. He was rich, and he had a big house where heenjoyed life with his family and friends. But he didn’t stopwriting plays. What kind of plays did William Shakespeare write?Well, he wrote thirty-nine plays. Some of them are comedies, forexample, A MidsummerNight’s Dream andComedy of Errors.They have happy endings. Others are stories from English history, forexample, stories about the kings of England. They are very patriotic.Queen Elizabeth 1 often went to see them. And the others aretragedies, such as Hamletand MacBeth– these are sad, dark stories of murder and revenge.Shakespeare died on his fifty-second birthday in 1616. He is buriedin Holy Trinity Church, Stratford. But the characters in his playsare still with us today.
1.TheRenaissance.
TheRenaissance or the revival of learning was the period then europeanculture was at it’s high. It lasted from the 14’thcenture till 17’th centure, and was coursed by complex economicsituation and social conditions. The feudal system was been shuttledby the bourgeoisie, thich was getting stronger and stronger. It wasmore profitable to unite under a single rouler. Absolute monacy cameinto being. This lead to the forming of nations and the true senseof the world. New social and economic conditions called for the newideology, because the catholic dogmas didn’t correspond to thenew trend of life. For this reason in many european countries theprotestant religion sprend up and national churches were established.
Insteadof the blind face ordered by the catholic then appeared a new outlookwhich was called humanism. The time demanded positive recionalknowledge and this demand was supplied: in astronomy by Copernicus,in philosophy by Tomas More, in geography by Columbus, Vaska de Gamaand others. Leonardo de Vinci was force a new feory of art: “Itwas the greatest progressive revolution that mankind have so farexperience, a time, thich called for “Giants” andproduced Giants in power and thought, passion and character inuniversality and language.”
Anexample of a typical men of the Renaissance period was: the famousEnglishmen sir Walter Raleigh, he was a soldier, sailor, explorer,pirate, coloniser, historian, thilosother and a poet. He was muchinterested in science and literature. He wrote works of geography andlead expedition to South America. He was an outstanding poet. Hispoems are full of profound wisdom, written with great elegance andsalacity of style. He organised of “academy”. ChristotherMarlowe the greatest dramatist (before Shakespear). But the mostimportant of most this writer and one of the greatest men of thisperiod was sir Thomas More.
ThomasMore.
Hecame into great favour and made a repid carrier as a statesmen, atthe same time writing works of a political, philosophical andhistorical character. His most famous book is “Utopie”.“Utopie” - means “no place, no there”. Thework is writing in latin and devided into two books. Thomas More wasthe first writer in Europe to formulate communist principals as abases of society.
The Renaisense in England.
Theprideses of Shakespeare.
Themost brilliant period of English literature was in the second half ofthe 16’th and begining of 17’th centure.Sometimes it’scalled “Elizabethen age” after quen Elizabeth 5. Englandhad become a geat world power. It had established wide commercialcontact with countries And rich trading company had been organaized.The english people were now a great nation and the english languageinriched was now not unlike the language of Chaucer. Many famouspoetical and prose works appeared. Among those who inriched theliterary haritage of this period ere sir Philip Sydney, AdnondSpenser and Christother Marlowe. There were fine works of poetry andprose in the Elizabethen age but the greatest hight’s ofliterature of this period were riached in drama.
2. Lifeof Shakespeare.
Thegreat poet and dramatist William Shakespeare is often called by hispeople “Our National Bard”, “The Immortal. Poet ofnature” and “The Great Unknown”. More than twohundred contemporary references to Shakespeare have been locatedamoung church records, legal records, documents in the Public RecordOffice, and miscellaneous repositories. When these owe assembled, wehave at least the sceleton out line of his life, begining with hisbaptist on April 26, 1564, in Trinity Churche, Stratford-on-Avon, andending with his burial there on April 25, 1616. Shakespeare nativeplace was Sratford-on-Avon, a little town in Warwickshive, which isgenerally described as beign in the middle of England.
Shakespeare’sfather, John, was a prosperious glove maker of Stratford who, afterholding minor municipal offices, was elected high bailiff ofStratford. Shakespeare’s mother Mary Arden, came from anaffluent family of landowners.
Shakespeare probablyrecieved his early education at the exellent Stratford GrammarSchool, supervised by an Oxford graduate, where he would have learnedLatin smattering of Greek.
In1582 Shakespeare married Anne Hathaway, who lived in a neighboringhamlet. The first child born to Ann and William was their daughterSusanna. In about two years Ann bore him twins a boy and a girl,Hamlet and Jidith.
Thenlife in Stratford became intolerable for William Shakespeare and hedicided to go to London and began a theatrical career. Shakespearemajor activity lay in the field of drama. He became a fullshaveholder in his acting company, he was partowner of “theGlobe” theatre and later of “the Blackfriars”theatre, and in 1597 he purchased property in Strarford. Includingnew place, one of the largest houses in the town. He probably refiredthere about 1610, travelling of London when necessary to take cave ofhis theatrical business. In all, 154 sonnets seguence. The sonnetswere probably written in the 1590 but were first published in 1609.
3. Shakespeare’s works.
Shakespeare’sliterary work is usually divided into three periods. The first periodof his creative work falls between 1590 and 1600. Shakespeare’scomedies belong to the first period of his creativ work. They all arewritten in his playfull manner and and in the brilliant poetry thatconveys the spectator to Italy. Some of the first plays of the firstperiod are: “Richard 3” (1592), “The comedy oferrors” (1592), “Romeo and Juliet” (1594), “JuliusCaesar” (1599), “As you like it” (1599), 1600 -“Twelth night”. Shakespe-are’s poems are alsoattributed to the first period, “Venus and Adonis” and“Lucrece”, and 154 sonnets. “Venus and Adonis”was the first of Shakespeare’s works that came off the press.The second period of Shakespeare’s creative work during from1600 to 1608. His famous tragedies appeared at this time. In theplays of this period the dramatist reaches his full maturity. Hepresents great humans problems. His tragedies and historical playsmade Shakespeare the greatest humanist of the English Renaissanse.Some plays of the second period: 1601 - “Hamlet”, 1604 -“Othello”.
Shakespeare’s plays of the thirdperiod are called the “Romantic dramas”. There is notragic tension in these plays. This period lasted from 1609 till1612.
1609 - “Cymbeline”, 1610 - “TheWinters Tale”, 1612 - “Henry 8”.
Hamlet’ssoliloguy.
To be, or not to be, that is the question:
Whether tisnobler in the mind to sufler.
The slings and arrows ofoutrageous fortune,
Or to take arms against a sea oftroubles,
And by opposing and then. To die, to sleep -
No more, and by a sleep to say we end
The heart - ache, andthe thousand natural shocks
That flesh is hear to; ‘tisa consummation
Devoutly to be wished. To die to sleep -
To sleep! Perchance to dream! Ay, there’s the rub
For in that sleep of death what dreams may comes,
When wehave shuflled off this mortal coil
Must give pause - there’sthe respect
That makes calimity of so long life.
4. The Enlightment.
The history ofEngland and second part of the 17’th centure, and during the18’th centure was marked by British colonial, expression andstruggle for the leading role in cowers. The writters andphilosofists of this age protested against the sovivals of feodalizmin thich they saw the main evil of this time. Man they thought wasvertains by nature and wise was duty ignorence to they started apubic movement for enlighting the people. This movement was called“the enlightment”. The enlighters belived in the power ofreason and the period was also called “the age of reason”.This period saw a remarkable rise in literature. English literatureof this period may be characterise by the following features: 1.Therise of the political pamphlets and issue. The novell became theleading genre. 2. The prose style became clever gracefull andpolished. 3. The hero of the novell was no longer a prince but arepresentative of the middle class. 4. Literature became veryinstructive.
Theliterature of this age may be divided into 3 periods:
The1’st periodis caracterised by classisizm in poetry. The greatest follower of theclassical style was Alexander Pope. There appeared the firstrealistic novels written by Defoe and Swift.
The2’nd peiodsaw the development of the realistic social novel, represen-tive byRichardson, Fielding and others.
The3’rd periodis marked by the appiriense of a new trends: sentimenta-lizm. Typefedby the works of Goldsmith and Stern. This period also saw the rise ofthe realistic drama (R. Sheridan).
5. Daniel Defoe.
DD was the founder of therealistic novel. He was also a brilliant journa-list and in many waysthe father of modern English periodicals. He founded and paved theway for many magazines ( “The Revue”, “TheSpectator”).
DD was born in London, his father a butcher,was wealthy enough to give his sone a good education. D was to becomea prist, but it was his cheariched desire to become wealthy. Hiswished was never fullfield. D was banckrote several times. He wasalways in deep debt. The inly branch of business in which he provedsuccesful was journalism and literature. When D was about 23 hestarted writting pamphlets on question of the hour. He startedwritting pamphlets prassing King William 3, who was supported by thewhig party. D wrote a setire in woth. No matter in whose defends hisbrilliant pamphlets were written they are irony was so subtle, thatthe enemy didn’t understand it at first. But as soon as hisenemy realised the real character of the pamphlets D was sentensed to7 years inprisonment. It was a cruel punishment, and when the camefor him to be set free people carried him on their shoulders.. Thiswas the climax of his political career and the end of it. In 1719, hetried his hand at another kind of literature - fiction, and wrote thenovel he is now best known: “Robison Crusoe”. After thebook was published, D became famous and rich and was able to pay hiscreditors in full. Other novels which D were also very much talkedabout during his lifetime, but we do not hear much about them now.For example “Captain Singleton”(1720), “MollFlanders”(1722).
6.Robinson Crusoe.
Books about voyages and new discoveries werevery popular in the first quater of the 18’th centure and manystories of this then had been written but while Defoe was busy withpolitics he didn’t think of also trying his hand at it. Howeverone story in in Steel magasine attracted his attention.
It wasabout Scotish sailor, who lived quite alone 4 years and 4 month on adesert island. Defoe’s hero, R.C., however spend 26 years on adesert island. The novel was a prase tohuman labour and the triumphthe men over the nature. Labour and fortitude help Robinson to endurehardships. They save him from dispair. The very process of hardworkgives his satisfaction. R’s most characteristic tract is hisoptimism. His guiding prencipal in life was: “never said die”and “in trouble to be troubles is to have your trouble double.”
7. Jonathan Swift.
(1667-1745)
JS was thegreatest of English satiriste. His better satire at thecontempro-rary social order in jeneral and an the policy of Englishgovernment towards in particular. That’s why the Irish peopleconsidered Swift the champion in the struggle for the wealthy andfreedom of their country.
JS was born in Dublin, but he camefrom English family. His father died at the age of 25, liaving hiswife and daughter penuiless. His son was born seven month later afterhis death. The boy knew little of his mother chearch. He hardly eversaw her, during his childhood. J was supported by his uncle Godwin.At the age of 6 he was send to school, which he left at 14. When heentered a college in Dublin and got his bacheloris degree in 1686.
8. Gulliver’s Travels.
In1726 Swift’s masterpiece “Gulliver’s Travels”appeared. This work made a great sensation in Ireland as well as inEngland, it equally strirred the interests of those in politics aswell as the readers of novels.
In this work Swift intended tosatirise the evils of the existing society in the form of fictionstravels. It tells of the adventures of ship surgeon, as related byhimself and divided into four parts of four voyages:
1. A voyageto Liliput.
2. A voyage to Brobdignag.
3. A voyage toLaputa.
4. A voyage to the country of Houyhnhnms.
1.The first voyage was to a strange country Lilliput. As the result ofa shipwreck Gulliver finds himself in a country, inhabited by a raceof people about six inches high. Everything else in this country ison a correspondent scale. Swift meant this small country with it’sshallow interest, corrupted laws and evil customs to symbolize theEngland of the 18’th centure, the court with it’satmosphere of hostility, hypocrizy and flattery where the author feltas lonely as his hero when among the liliputians.
2. Beforelong Gulliver undertakes another voyage. The ship anchors near theland of the giants to take in a supply of water. While on shoreGulliver is captured by the giants. They are good-natured creaturesand treat Gulliver kindly, though they are amused by his small sizeand look upon him as a plaything.
Brobdingnag is an expressionof Swift’s desire to find the ideal and escape from thedisgusting world of the Liliputians. The author idealizes anagricultural country ruled by ideal monarch. Swift creates such amonarch in the king of Brobdingnag. He is clever, honest and kind tohis people. He hates wars and wants to make his people happy.
3. The third voyage is to Laputa, a flying island Laputa. Swift’simagination the bitterness of his satire reach their climax in thethird part where he shows the academy of sciences in Laputa (theauthor touches upon all the existing sciences). It is easy enough tounderstand that in ridiculing the academy of Laputa. Swift ridicultsthe scientists of the 18’th century. The scientists are shut intheir chambers isolated from all the world.
3. In the 4’thpart Swift describes Gulliver’s adventures at the Heuyhnhnms -a ideal land where were is neither sickness, dishonesty, non any ofthe frivo-lities of human scociety. The human race ocupies a positionof servility there and a noble race of horces rules the country byreason and justice.
“Gulliver’s travels was one ofthe greatest works of the period of the Enlightment in worldliterature. Swift’s democratic ideas expressed in the book hada great influence on the English writers who came after Swift.
9. Robert Burns.
RB isthe national poet of Scotland. Every year on his bithday scotsmen allover the world gather together for a traditional celebration in whichhis memory is glorified,his poems are recited and his song are sung.Burns poetry is loved and enjoied by all his countrymen. They loveBurns for the generosity and kindness of his nature, for hispatriotism and truthfulness. In his poems he sang the pride anddignity of the Scotish peasantry.
Burns sang the beauty and theglory of his native land. He gloryfield true love and friendship.
Burns was born in Alloway, near Ayr, on the 25 of January, 1759.His father was a hard-working man and he took great trouble to givehis family all the education he could.
When Robert was 6, hewas send to a school at Alloway Miln. Robert were given a goodknowledge of English.
For some years Burns worked on the familyfarm. They lived very poor.
Burns wrote his first poem at the ageof 14. And from then till his death his poems and songs came out,giving delight and joy to the himself, his countrymen and all theworld around. Burns worked with his father and brothers. The death ofhis father in 1784 left Burns free to chose his own kind of life, butit also gave him new resposobilities as head of the family. As afarmer he was unsuccessful and moved to other place - Burns publishedhis poems in Kilmarnock in 1786. The success was great.
Burnswrote many poems and songs. After a short illness he died on 21’stJuly, 1796. Millions of people all over the world highly esteem andlove Burns poems.
S. Marshak, a great soviet poet, broughtBurns to russian people throught his fine translate.
My Heart’s in the Highlands.
Myheart’s in the Highlands, my heart is not here;
My heart’s in the Highkands, a chasing the deer;
A-chasing the wild deer, and following the roe -
Myheart in the Highlands wherever I go.
Farewell to theHighlands, farewell to the North,
The birthplace ofvalour, the country of worth:
Wherever I wander, whereverI rove,
The hills of the Highlands for ever I love.
Farewell to the mountains high cover’d with snow;
Farewell to the straths and green valleys below;
Farewell to the forests and wild-handing woods;
Farewell to the torrents and loud pouring floods.
My heart’s in the Highlands, my heart is not here;
My heart’s in the Highkands, a chasing the deer;
A-chasing the wild deer, and following the roe -
Myheart in the Highlands wherever I go.
Famouswriters.
There are many famous English writers. Among them areWilliam Shakespeare, Keepling and many others. I will tell you aboutthe life and work of Arthur Conan Doyle and Ian Fleming, because Ilike their books most of all. Ian Fleming is the author ofinternationally famous James Bond spy novels. And in his life he waslike the hero of his books James bond. Ian Fleming was born on maythe 28th , 1908 in England. His family were rich. Hisgrandfather was a millionaire banker and his father was a member ofparliament. He was killed in the First World War when Ian was onlynine. He had three brothers and he was quite close to them, but hewas different from them. They all went to Eton. His brothers likedit. He hated it. He hated the army too. He didn’t want to be asoldier. He was good at languages, so he went to study in Geneva in1930. Then the next year he wanted to join the Foreign office but didnot pass the exams. He went back home and he was living with hismother again, feeling very bored, when he got a job as a journalist.He worked in London, Berlin and Moscow. Then he worked as astockbroker and he was doing this when the Second World War started.That’s when he started working in the world of spies. He joinedthe Naval Intelligence and had a lot of contact with MI5 and theSecret Service. He went on secret missions to North Africa, Lisbonand America. He was a good-looking man. He loved money and hadexpensive way of life. He always dressed very carefully. He had a lotof girlfriends. He didn’t marry until he was forty-three. Hedrank a lot of gin, martini, vodka and smoked 60 cigarettes a day.Probably as a result of this he had a bad heart from quite a youngage. He started writing after the war. He went to Jamaica in 1952,loved it and decided to buy some land by the sea and built a house.He called it Goldeneye. And in Jamaica in 1952 three very importantthings happened: he got married, he got a son and started writingabout James Bond. His first book was “Casino Royale”,then his second book was “Live and Let Dye” in 1954.After that there were more twelve James Bond books. His last book was“ The Man with the Golden Gun”. He helped choose SeanConnery for “Dr.No”, but he died while they were makingthe Second Bond film, “From Russia with LOVE”. His bookswere successful. Forty millions were sold by the time oh hisdeath.All over the world, detective stories are the most popular kindof fiction. My favorite detective is Sherlock Holmes. Although he isa fictional character, Sherlock Holmes had a real address-221b Bakerstreet. Today this is the Sherlock Holmes museum. The author of theSherlock Holmes stories was Arthur Conan Doyle. He was born inScotland, in 1859. He was a doctor, and he wrote detective stories tospare time. He wrote twenty-six Sherlock Holmes stories between 1887and 1895. Then, he decided to kill of his hero. At the end of thestory called “The Final Problem” Holmes and Moriarty fallinto the Reichenbach falls in Switzerland. The readers were veryupset. Public pressure was too great and he had to bring Holmes backto life, although he did not like him. He thought that SherlockHolmes books were not serious. He wanted to write historical novels.Conan Doyle continued writing about his hero for another twenty-fiveyears. Conan Doyle books are still famous and popular.
Topics. | quntity |
1.Russia. | 2 |
2.Moscow . | 1 |
3.GB + London. | 2 |
4.Historic cities :Durham, York, Oxford. | 1 |
5.Lake district and lakepoets : Cornwall, Bath, Brighton. | 1 |
6.Scotland | 1 |
7.Wales | 1 |
8.Renaissance, Shakespeare, Daniel Defoe,Jonathan Swift, Robert Burns. | 10 |
9.Conan Doil, IanFleming. | 1 |
10.Art music : purpleviolin, Paul Kerak . | 2 |
11.Famous actors : PaulNewman, Elizabeth Tailor. | 1 |
12.Mass media : TV in mylife and BBC. | 3 |
13.Museums and artgalleries : Hartfield House. | 1 |
14.School in Russia,Japan, England. | 1 |
15.School : other waysof getting education . | 1 |
16.Past time, hobby. | 3 |
17.Traveling : the bestway to see the world ( Ann Gibson, disastrous holidays). | 1 |
18.Holidays in Brazil,Switzerland, Egypt, Russia , other countries. | 1 |
19.Sport and healthy wayof life : run your way to health. | 2 |
20.Sport : children insport. | 1 |
21.Youth problems : job,drugs. | 3 |
22.Environmentalproblems : David Attenborough andhis programs life on Earth. | 1 |
23.Environmentalproblems. | 1 |
24.My future profession. | 2 |
25.The importance oflearning foreign languages | 2 |
26.Famous scientist :Alec Issigonis | 1 |
27.English speakingcountries ( USA ) | 1 |
28.China | 1 |
29. The BritishParliament | 1 |
30. US Congress | 1 |
31. Business Trips | 1 |
32. Customs andtraditions in England | 2 |
33. Thomas Jefferson(1743-1826) | 1 |
34. Pets | 1 |
35. Washington, DC | 1 |
36. BRITISH THEATRES | 1 |
37.AUSTRALIA | 1 |
38.THE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM OF GREAT BRITAIN | 2 |
39.Exploration (Christopher Columbus) | 1 |
40. LEISURE TIME ANDHOBBY | 1 |
41.Learning languages | 1 |
42.Art galeries ofLondon | 1 |
43.Moscow theatres | 1 |
44.My favorite painter | 1 |
45.THEATRES, MUSIC HALLS AND CINEMAS | 1 |
46. ART INMOSCOW | 1 |
47.Computers | 1 |
48. FedorDostoevsky (1821-1881) | 1 |
49.Education in Russia | 1 |