Exercise 3. Make up sentences of your own using Participle II. Model: The results presented (1) agree with (2) the previous observations.
(1) (2)
The data obtained to correspond to
The conclusions made to differ from
The evidence reported to deal with
The hypothesis advanced to be in agreement with
The facts classified to be valid for
The method applied to be in keeping with
The phenomena observed to be true for
The problem solved to be consistent with
Exercise 4. Make up sentences of your own using Participle I. Model: The scientist making (1) the experiment is responsible for (2) the research.
(1) (2)
The engineer analysing to be interested in
The student conducting to be busy with
The research workers planning to draw conclusions from
The chemist explaining to make use of
The experimenter starting to insist on
The investigator carrying out to refer to
Exercise 5. Translate the sentences paying attention to the choice of conjunctions.
1) Some scientists do not distinguish between pure and applied mathematics, the distinction being in fact of recent origin. 2) The project abandoned, the leadership in this field passed to another institute. 3) They took all the measurements during the actual operation of the machine, this being the usual practice in those days. 4) The question of collective scientific discoveries has already been raised, it having been suggested that a solution of some urgent problems can be best achieved that way. 5) Technology having reached a high stage of development, new methods of work became possible. 6) There being no other data, the data obtained cannot be regarded, as evidence. 7) The experiments having been carried out, we started new investigations. 8) Automation appeared only at the time when the proper state of science was achieved, its roots spanning many centuries and many lands. 9) Computers and calculating machines can be conveniently subdivided into two classes: analogue and digital, the basic distinction being the way in which numbers are represented inside the machine for calculating purposes. 10) Other conditions being equal, the acceleration will be the same.
UNIT 8. The Gerund
Exercise 1. Learn to distinguish different Gerund structures.
1) Recognizing a problem is the first step to its solution. 2) Noticing relationship in his observations is very important for every scientist. 3) Relating the necessity for a different approach the physicists reluctantly abandoned the project. 4) Putting the discovery to use sometimes requires more effort than making it. 5) Pointing out their mistakes to some people is often quite difficult. 6) It is no good stressing a paradox if you wish to excite curiosity of the audience unprepared for the lecture. 7) The editor could not help detecting many errors both of fact and of thinking. 8) Are these prognoses really worth making? 9) Many useless experiments were prevented from being made by an adequate theory. 10) His research resulted in establishing a new mechanism of the process. 11) Research is searching without knowing what you are going to find. 12) If you want to succeed in interesting the audience you should not try surprising them with an isolated fact. 13) Being interested in the subject which you are studying is the best motivation for learning it. 14) Fundamental research is that which you undertake without caring whether the results will be of practical value or not. 15) Taking into account individual components resulted in a radical change of the entire system. 16) Finding an adequate solution to this most urgent technological problem will surely require much time and still more effort. 17) Today we cannot help witnessing a tendency in science to direct the collective efforts of a research team at the achievement of a common goal. 18) If you never though' of asking a question you are not interested in having the answer. 19) It is correct to say that basic research is directed toward understanding the foundations of nature without taking into account their practical applicability. 20) The scientist and public must equally share the responsibility for finding a desirable solution to many modern technological and social problems.
Exercise 2. Substitute the proper English words from the list below for the Russian words in brackets.
To aim at understanding; to be concerned with measuring and analysing; to be interested, in constructing; to be responsible for modernizing; to insist on making use of; to prevent scientists from making; to result from combining; to result in establishing; to succeed in solving.
1) His research (привело к установлению) a new principle. 2) The success of the space research program (явился результатом соединения ) the latest achievements in science and technology. 3) Using modern installations and techniques the scientists (удалось решить) a complicated engineering problem. 4) Pure science (стремится постичь) the laws of the material world. 5) Traditionally chemists (занимались измерением и анализом) the properties of matter. 6) A quantum chemist (интересует поcтроение) adequate mathematical models of atomic and molecular structures. 7) Prof. B. was the first to see the advantages of the new approach and (настаивал на использовании) it to interpret the results. 8) This group of engineers (ответственна за модернизацию) the laboratory equipment. 9) Adequate theories often (избавляли ученых от проведения) many useless experiments.
Exercise 3. Bead the first sentence and complete the second one using Gerund. Make use of the prepositions and the word groups given below.
The scientists have carried out the experiment in order to test the idea. They did it ...
1) without; in addition to; in spite of; instead of; in view of; by;
2) to install new equipment; to propose an explanation of their own; to collect more evidence for its support; to modify the model; to give up the idea; to establish the mechanism of the process; to join the efforts of two laboratories; to encounter difficulties with conventional equipment; to put to use a recent discovery; to make use of a new principle; to modify a conventional device.
Exercise 4. Transform the following Gerund constructions into clauses as given in the model.
Model: История открытия радиоактивности начинается с того, что Анри Бекерель сообщил о своем открытии лучей неизвестной природы.
The story of radioactivity begins with Henry Bequerel's having reported, his discovery of rays of unknown nature. - The story of radioactivity begins with the fact that Henry Bequerel reported his discovery of rays of unknown nature.
1) Mendeleev's having established, a periodic lair of nature has entered his name into the history book of the world science. 2) Success in science often results from the scientist's confining his attention to one problem for many years. 3) The results of the experiment depended upon his having applied the proper technique. 4) The idea of scientist's being responsible for most ills of the present day situation is unfortunately quite popular. 5) A brain-storming session consists in everybody's proposing as many and as wild ideas as possible without being concerned as to whether they are workable. 6) Immediate recognition of a discovery depends largely on its being made at a proper moment. 7) Science is sometimes humorously defined as a practice of the scientist's satisfying his curiosity at the expense of the government.
Exercise 5. Change the tine clauses into the on/in/after + Gerund and the if-clauses into the with + Gerund.
1) You cannot present your paper to the conference if you do not check it carefully. 2) After we had arranged, everything for the experiment we started to work. 3) Many factors become important when we consider this problem. 4) The work will not be completed if we do not sum up the results. 5) We obtained the desired information when we were analysing our data. 6) After he had compared some numerical data he could readily obtain new parameters. 7) We cannot obtain the desired information if we do not conduct additional series of experiments. 8) Various approaches are possible when we solve this problem. 9) After they had changed the experimental condition they repeated the experiment. 10) We shall not start the experiment if we do not get all the necessary equipment. 11) Several factors should be considered when we evaluate the experimental results. 12) We cannot make progress in our research if we do not take into account the results of other observers.
UNIT 9. The Infinitive
Exercise 1. Identify the infinitives and translate the sentences into Russian.
1) To make a choice between these two alternatives is not an easy task. 2) To foresee what the future will be like requires analysis of the past experience. 3) To be able to forecast the future we must begin by a thorough analysis of the past course of events. 4) To speculate about the future is one of the most basic qualities of man. 5) To appreciate the accuracy of the data refer to Table I on page 57. 6) То avoid, making mistakes is always very difficult, because, to begin with, to err is human. 7) To take correct measurements it is necessary to use accurately adjusted instruments. 8) To distinguish between cause and effect is sometimes difficult. 9) The new equipment is necessary to increase the accuracy of results. 10) To prove this law experimentally is very difficult.
Exercise 2. Study the following structures and make up various meaningful sentences in analogy.
The purpose of this paper (A) is to describe the fundamental properties (B) of crystals.
A. The aim of the discussion
The task of the research group
The original idea of the book
The objective of the experiment
The subject of the report
B. to point out general tendencies
to suggest some fresh ideas for research
to review recent development in the field
to develop a special apparatus suited for research
to take into consideration all the essential factors
Exercise 3. Identify the function of the infinitive.
1) The technique of collecting information will differ according to the problem to be solved. 2) This is not an opportunity to be thrown away. 3) An interesting distinction to be made here is between problems and techniques. 4) Another factor to be taken into consideration is the power of modern experimental techniques. 5) The problem to be investigated involves analysing the phenomenon of memory. 6) The apparatus to be assembled is very complicated.
Exercise 4. Give English equivalents of:
1) проблема, которую надо решить, 2) фактор, который надо принять во внимание, 3) выбор, который надо сделать, 4) данные, которые надо проанализировать, 5) статья, которую следует обсудить, 6) эксперимент, который надо провести, 7) метод, который надо применить, 8) грядущие года.
Exercise 5. Learn to distinguish between the subject and. the object infinitive constructions.
1) Most scientists expect major development in the near future to take place in biology. 2) We know him to have objected to this style of research on previous occasions. 3) The present-day situation forces more and more countries to start contributing to this field of research. 4) Nowadays science is known to contribute to every aspect of man's life. 5) Some people seem to be disappointed in science. 6) This scientist is known to be keeping in touch with the latest developments in his field of research. 7) Most people believe the amount of effort in science to be somehow correlated with the standard of living in the country. 8) Не is said to avoid all sorts of arguments. 9) The data are assumed to correlate with the present theory. 10) The results of these experiments are found to overlap. 11) He happens to work at the same problem. I2) We believe the programming to have been done very skillfully. 13) He appeared to have lost interest in physics altogether. I4) They are sure to argue about it.
Exercise 6. Translate into Russian the for-Infinitive constructions.
1) For scientific development to be of benefit for man scientist must occupy themselves with problems that have direct bearing on our lives. 2) There is an apparent tendency for science to become more and more mathematical. 3) For him to have done these experiments is a great success in his work. 4) For an original idea to be a product of one man's genius is quite natural. But for an idea to be transformed into product, many people's effort is required. 5) He explained the scheme for the second time for us to understand it better. 6) There is a need for scientists to be more closely in touch with the community as a whole.
Exercise 1. Translate the following sentences into Russian.
1) It is well known that radioactive isotopes can be used very effectively in medicine for the diagnosis and treatment of many diseases. 2) The simplest way of understanding what the cathode-ray tube does and how it does it is to follow out the various stages of its development. 3) It seemed to us that the engine was out of order. 4) It is silver that is the best conducting material. 5) I know only one solution of this problem. 6) One should keep in mind that when water is heated in a vessel, the liquid on the bottom of the vessel is hotter than on the top. 7) The simplest kind of lever is one in which the arms are of equal length. 8) They say that the report will be followed by a discussion. 9) That the device stopped working surprised everybody. 10) The result of this experiment is much better than that of the previous one. 11) Energy is defined as the ability to do work and it occurs in many forms. 12) As the water is in a state of rest there will be no flow of energy. 13) We shall carry out this research, for it seems to be very interesting. 14) He has been working at that design for 2 weeks. 15) I have brought some articles for you to translate. 16) But for friction, part of the energy developed by mechanical devices would not be lost in the form of useless heat. 17) For some minutes we could see nothing but black smoke rising from the ground. 18) There is no flow of electrons since the electric circuit is broken. 19) Since the release of the potential energy of the atomic nucleus we have entered the atomic age, we are living and working in now. 20) The vertical theory first put forward by Zhukovsky in 1912 has been used throughout the world since. 21) The higher up we go the smaller and lighter are the grains of dust in the air. 22) Many experiments made after helped us to come to an important conclusion. 23) When he had put on his spectacles, he saw that the handwriting on the envelope was that of his old friend. 24) I am that doctor Manette of whom you speak so nicely. 25) That the task was more difficult than we had thought before was clear to everyone. 26) One can go without food for some time, but one cannot live long without water. 27) The more he thought about it the more ridiculous it became. 28) Don't make him work so hard, you should keep in mind he is but a child. 29) She did not say anything more for a while. 30) I think that it is the only thing that would help you. 31) But for the ohms, amperes, volts and watts the electric measurements would be impossible.
Exercise 2. Memorize the following expressions first, then translate the given sentences into Russian.