2. The design would have been ready by the end of the year if they had supplied us with
all the necessary equipment.
3. It would be impossible to protect metal from corrosion without the films.
IV. Прочитайте и устно переведите с 1-ого по 5-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и
письменно переведите 1, 2, 3, 4-й абзацы текста.
Пояснения к тексту.
1. many times- во много раз
2. to combat against- бороться против
3. Russian-made inhibitors- ингибиторы, изготовленные в России
Corrosion
1. During a year almost 200 million tons of metal objects are considered to be
destroyed by corrosion. Considering that about 600 million tons of metal a year are
produced in the world, it is easy to understand the losses of objects without which our
life could not be imagined.
2. The situation is very serious, because not only metal is destroyed but also a great
amount of articles, instruments and tools whose cost exceeds many times the cost of
the metal used for their manufacture.
3. Combating against the corrosion of metals has now become a key problem in all
industrialized countries.
The scientific and technical achievements in the field of raising the corrosion resistance of construction materials are the basis of technical progress in different branches of industry, an indicator of the country's economic potential.
4. A large amount of "anti-corrosion" work is being carried out in Russia. The results
are evident: Russian-made inhibitors, varnishes, paint covers are being well known
throughout the world. Gas pipelines, metal structures, the bodies of atomic reactors and
ships, etc. have been reliably protected against corrosion.
5. Russia also exports special equipment and some kind of technology designed to
weaken corrosion. Anti-corrosion varnishes, paints, insulating materials and equipment
are sold abroad.
V. Прочитайте 5-й абзац текста и ответьте письменно на следующий вопрос: What materials weakening corrosion does Russia sell?
Вариант 2
I. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Помните, что объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям (см. образец выполнения 1).
1. Samples of semiconductors with improved properties are reported to be obtained on
a new installation.
2. Scientists found beta-rays to consist of negative particles.
3. A problem to be solved by digital computer must be expressed in mathematical
terms.
II. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие
предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод зависимого и независимого
(самостоятельного) причастных оборотов (см. образец выполнения 2).
1. Having used a laser beam scientist obtained accurate calculations of Jupiter's
temperature.
2. The beam travelled 800,000 km in space, its velocity approaching that of light.
3. Being used in measuring the diffusion of metals isotopes gave much more accurate
data.
III. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие сложные
предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод условных предложений (см.
образец выполнения 3).
1. If the metal had been heated slowly, the first changes in its appearance would have
occurred at a temperature of 1,000 K.
2. If liquids expand upon freezing, an increase of pressure lowers its freezing point.
3. It would be impossible to determine the properties of these materials without
intensive studies in our research laboratory.
IV. Прочитайте и устно переведите с 1-ого по 5-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и
письменно переведите 1,2,3, 4-й абзацы текста.
Пояснения к тексту.
1. the laser-лазер
2. partial mirror- полупрозрачное стекло
3. power supply- источник питания
The laser today and tomorrow
1. The laser has become a multipurpose tool. It has caused a real revolution in
technology.
Atoms emit rays of different length, which prevents the forming of an intense beam of light. The laser forces its atoms to emit rays having the same length and travelling in the same direction. The result is a narrow, extremely intense beam of light that spreads out very little and is therefore able to travel very great distances.
2. The most common laser is the helium-neon laser in the laser tube, containing 10 per
cent helium gas and 90 per cent neon gas. At the end of the tube there is a mirror, and
at the other end there is a partial mirror. The electrons get energy from a power supply
and become "excited", giving off energy as light. This light is reflected by the mirror at
one end of the tube. It can only escape through the partial mirror at the other end of the
tube.
3. The first laser was built in 1960. Since then scientists have developed several types
of the laser which make use of luminescent crystals, luminescent glass, a mixture of
various gases and finally semiconductors.
4. Having been developed at The Institute of Physics in 1962, semiconductor quantum
generators occupy a special place among the optical generators. While the size of the
ruby crystal laser comes to tens of centimeters and that of the gas generator is about a
meter long, the semiconductor laser is a few tens of a millimeter long, the density of its
radiation being hundreds of thousands of times greater than that of the best ruby laser.
5. But the most interesting thing about semiconductor laser is that it is able to
transform electrical energy directly into light wave energy. The semiconductor laser
opens up new possibilities of producing extremely economical sources of light.
V. Прочитайте 5-й абзац текста и ответьте письменно на следующий вопрос:
What possibilities does the semiconductor laser open?
Вариант 3
I. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Помните, что объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям (см. образец выполнения 1).
1. The Sun and stars are proved to be able to produce great quantities of energy by
means of certain nuclear reactions.
2. For the experiment we need several electrical devices to be connected in series.
3. Lasers are known to have found wide application in medicine.
II. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения Обратите внимание на перевод зависимого и независимого (самостоятельного) причастных оборотов (см. образец выполнения 2).
1. Measurements of solar radiation reaching the Earth each day make it possible to
calculate the surface temperature of the Sun.
2. Having built a new automobile plant, we increased the output of cars and buses.
3. Knowledge being the most valuable wealth of our times, the information theory
became of great importance for the national economy.
III. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие сложные
предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод условных предложений (см.
образец выполнения 3).
1. If the gathered data had been presented in time, the results of the experiments would
have been different.
2. If you had answered six questions in the competition, you would have won the first
prize.
3. It would be impossible to carry on a careful study of the process without the new
device.
IV. Прочитайте и устно переведите с 1-ого по 5-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и
письменно переведите 1,2,3,4-й абзацы текста.
Пояснения к тексту.
1. digital-цифровой
2. to result in - заканчиваться, приводить к чему-либо
3. prospects - перспективы
Computers
1. The first machine for mathematical computation was built in 1822 by the
mathematician Charles Babbage. From the description of this machine we know him to
understand clearly all the fundamental principles of modern digital computers. Babbage
was born in England in 1792. He taught himself mathematics so well that when he went
to Cambridge he found that he knew algebra better than his teacher. Babbage
constructed a model of a computer and devoted the rest of his life to developing an
universal computing machine. But he was not understood by his contemporaries.
2. Two generations of engineers worked hard to construct a modem computer. Their
attempts resulted in the development of computing machines which transformed the
whole course of scientific achievements. If you looked at the machines which people
had used up to 1946, you would notice that they were not so perfect as the ones
available today.
3. Having invented computers engineers began to use them in industrial automatic
processes. They are known to carry out several thousand arithmetic operation in one
second. If there had been no computers space flights and many other achievements of
modern science and technology would have been impossible.
4. We often hear that the increasing flood of information will be one of the problems of
the 21-st century. The computers may help to solve it too.
5. As the electronic computer has opened great prospects for further development of
science and technology, it may be spoken of as one of the most important inventions of
our time.
V. Прочитайте 5-й абзац текста и ответьте письменно на следующий вопрос:
Why may a computer be spoken of as one of the most important inventions of our time?
Вариант 4
I. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения Помните, что объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям (см. образец выполнения 1).
1. We know the wave theory of light to be first proposed by the English physicist Robert Hooke in 1665.
The crew is reported to have carried out a great deal of scientific experiments.
2. A problem to be solved 6y#idl§iaf computer must be expressed in mathematical
terms.
II.Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие
предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод зависимого и независимого
(самостоятельного) причастных оборотов (см образец выполнения 2)
1. About 100 years ago, a French scientist Pierre Curie subjecting certain crystalline *
materials to pressure, observed that they produced an electric charge.
2. Having been subjected to high pressure metals become highly conductive.
3. The average height of the Ural mountains is 800 meters, the highest point being
1.500meters above sea level.
III. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие
предложения. Обратите внимание на то, как переводятся условные предложения
(см образец выполнения 3).
1. If the service life of the instrument had been prolonged, the economic effect would
have been increased many times.
2. Were the temperature increased, the velocity of the molecular motion would also be
increased.
3. It would be impossible to ensure the full supply of energy without atomic power
stations.
IV. Прочитайте и устно переведите с1-го по 5-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и
письменно переведите 1, 2, 3 и 4-й абзацы
Пояснения к тексту
1. tiny fraction of time - очень короткий период времени
2. data processing system - система обработки информации
3. digital - цифровой.
Today's astonishing computers
1. Not long ago computers were not very reliable and comparatively slow in operation,
Since then, several generations of complex electronic computing equipment have been
developed, each being significantly better than the one before it. Almost every day a
new use is found for these astonishing devices to help men.
2. We know a computer to be a complex electronic device that can store and process
vast quantities of information. Following instructions, computing equipment will perform
calculations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication and division and provide the
answers to a large variety of problems in a tiny fraction of time1. A computer is known to
be the "heart" of an electronic data processing system2, other parts of equipment being
auxiliary.
3. There are two types of computing equipment - digital3 and analogue. They work
differently and yield different results. The digital computer is performing a much broader
range of functions than the analogue.
4. The analogue computer produces analogues or parallels of the process to be
described or the problem to be solved. Both digital and analogue computers must be
programmed. This means they must be set up in such a way that they can produce a
result from the information fed into them and the information itself must be organized so
that it can be handled by the machines. These devices working by electronic impulses
perform at fantastic speed and with great precision.
5. Nowadays computer makers are working at the problem of introducing small
computers into our life.
V. Прочитайте 5-й абзац текста и ответьте письменно на следующий вопрос: What problem are computer makers working at nowadays?
Вариант 5
I. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Помните, что объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям (см. образец выполнения 1).
1. We know neutrino to have a rest mass (масса покоя) of about 30 electron-volts.
2. Conduction is known to be a process by which heat is transmitted through a
substance by molecular activity.
3. All the changes of temperature and changes of state to be discussed are shown by a
graph in figure (рисунок) 2.
II. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие
предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод зависимого и независимого
(самостоятельного) причастных оборотов (см. образец выполнения 2).
1. Working with machines, sharp tools, motors one must be careful.
2. The stream of electrons moving along the conductor is called electric current.
3. Powerful nuclear ice-breakers being built in our country, we began a new chapter in
the history of Arctic exploration.
III. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие
предложения. Обратите внимание на то, как переводятся условные предложения
(см. образец выполнения 3).