2. In Petersburg Kulibin undertook a very difficult engineering problem - to design a
bridge across the Neva as there was not a single permanent bridge in this city to
provide a crossing2 at any season of the year. Kulibin was the first to think of spanning3
the river with an arched bridge. According to his plan the bridge was to have a single
span to leave a free water way for ships and barges. It was a daring idea: arched
bridges of similar construction had been built before but no engineer dared even to think
of constructing a bridge with a three hundred metre span.
3. After the model was completed it had to be submitted to a special commission set
up by the Academy of Sciences and invaded by foreign scientists and specialists at the
time of Catherine II. They considered themselves to be much superior to Russian
people whose intellect and talent they utterly ignored.
4 In spite of general disbelief the testing of the model was a success. No failure resulted even when a weight much greater than the maximum load was applied to the bridge. In spite of the favourable conclusion no practical result followed.
VII. Прочитайте З и 4-й абзацы текста и ответьте на вопросы письменно.
1. What commission did the model have to be submitted?
2. What specialists invaded the Academy of sciences at the time of Catherine II?
3. Did they consider themselves much superior to Russian people?
4. Was the testing of the model a success?
5. Did practical result follow?
Вариант 4
I. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в каждом из них видовременную форму и залог глагола-сказуемого (см. образец) Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. The automatic equipment is being installed in our shop.
2. Radioactive isotopes have been made in nuclear reactor.
3. The construction of this house will be completed in a month.
4. The engineer was asked about the new technology used at the plant.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения слов it, that, one.
1. The success in chemistry made it possible to obtain a lot of new materials.
2. One must apply the materials that can be machined easily.
3. It is the energy of falling water that is used to drive turbines.
III. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание
на различные значения глаголов to be, to have, to do.
1. The operators dealing with radioisotopes must have protective suits.
2. The engineers are to study the problem of using solar energy.
3. We had to use a computer to make these calculations.
4. One never knows what he can do.
IV.Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык,
обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение.
1.1 think the drawing will be ready by tomorrow.
2. The phenomenon Roentgen discovered is widely used in medicine.
V. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык,
обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива.
1. То design new buildings is the work of an architect.
2. To measure volumes we must know the dimensions of a body.
3. The purpose of this book is to describe certain properties of metals.
4. She is leaving for the conference to be held in Moscow.
VI.Прочитайте и переведите с 1 по 4-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно
переведите 1 и 3-й абзацы.
Пояснения к тексту:
1. to propel - приводить в движение
2. self-propelled - самоходный, самодвижущийся
3. engine - машина, двигатель.
The early days of the automobile
1. One of the earliest attempts to propel1 a vehicle by mechanical power was
suggested by Isaac Newton. But the first self-propelled2 vehicle was constructed by the
French military engineer Cugnot in 1763. He built a steam-driven engine3 which had
three wheels, carried two passengers and ran at maximum speed of four miles. The
carriage was a great achievement but it was far from perfect and extremely inefficient.
The supply of steam lasted only 15 minutes and the carriage had to stop 100 yards to
make more steam.
2. From 1800 to 1900 was a period of the application of gasoline engines to motor cars
in many countries. The first to perfect gasoline engine was N. Otto who introduced the
four-stroke cycle of operation. The cars of that time were very small, two-seated cars
with no roof, driven by an engine placed under the seat. Motorists had to carry large
cans of fuel and separate spare tyres, for there were no repair or filling stations to serve
them.
3. After World War I it became possible to achieve greater reliability of motor cars,
brakes became more efficient. Multi-cylinder engines came into use, most commonly
used are four-cylinder engines.
4. Like most other great human achievements, the motor car is not the product of any
single inventor. Gradually the development of vehicles driven by internal combustion
engine-cars, as they had come to be known, caused huge capital flow into the
automobile industry. From 1908 to 1924 the number of cars in the world rise from 200
thousand to 20 million; by 1960it had reached 60 million! No other industry had ever
developed at such a rate.
VII. Прочитайте З и 4-й абзацы текста и ответьте на вопросы письменно.
1. Was the motor car the product of any single inventor?
2. What vehicles were developed gradually?
3. What did the development of these vehicles cause?
4. How many cars were manufactured in 1960?
5. Had other industry ever developed at such a rate?
Вариант 5
I. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в каждом из них видовременную форму и залог глагола-сказуемого (см. образец). Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. The sputniks are used for the research of magnetic fields and cosmic rays.
2. The properties of materials are affected by solar radiation.
3. Numerous questions were being discussed by the commission.
4. The experiment has been carried out successfully, and the results will soon be
published.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык,
обращая внимание на разные значения слов it, that, one.
1. The peoples know that their joint efforts can secure peace in the whole world.
2. We had to find newjnethods of investigation because the old ones were
unsatisfactory.
3. One may work in this laboratory only observing certain rules.
III. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание
на различные значения глаголов to be, to have, to do.
1. We had to change the design of this machine.
2. The speed of electrons is almost the same as that of light.
3. We have introduced a new system of work.
4. He does morning exercises every day.
IV. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык,'
обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение.
1. We know radio and radar systems play a very important role at any airport.
2. The substance they had to work with had an unpleasant odour.
V. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык,
обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива.
1. The main purpose of the computers is to solve complex problems quickly.
2. To extend the main street they had to destroy some old buildings.
3. The new channel to be constructed here will be the longest in the country.
4. To operate the complex device was rather difficult.
VI. Прочитайте и переведите с 1 по 3-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно
переведите 1 и 2-й абзацы.
Пояснения к тексту:
1. ultrasonics - ультразвук
2. a transducer - датчик
3. quartz-кварц
4. to come across - натолкнуться, встретить
5. proves to be - оказывается
Ultrasonics1
1. The source of the ultrasonic sound is called a transducer2. One of the transducers is a quartz3 crystal. This is a solid body whose property is to change its dimensions under the influence of electricity. A quartz crystal is pressed against the surface of the metal to be tested. An electric current of ultrasonic frequency is applied to the crystal to make it vibrate with the same frequency. From the crystal a short burst of sound travels into the
specimen. If it comes across4 an air bubble, a crack or some other defects it is reflected from that region, thus locating the defect. If the specimen has no defects the signal is not reflected back until it reaches the opposite surface of the specimen.
2. Ultrasonic method is applied to study the ocean bottom, to locate shoals offish or to
detect some danger of navigation. However the early wish to detect icebergs by
ultrasonic equipment failed to be realized. The reason for the failure is to be explained
by the following acoustic fundamentals - water and ice have nearly the same density
and sound travels at nearly the same speed through both. Thus a sound wave passes
freely from one medium into the other with only a small amount of reflection. >
3. Ultrasonic waves are used in various industries. Ultrasonic cleaning proves to be5
especially successful in treating metal parts of irregular shape. The cracks which are
inaccessible to cleaning by all the usual methods come out clean when treated by
ultrasonics. To clean by ultrasonics seems to be very simple. But a physicist knows thai
in attempting to explain this simple process of ultrasonic cleaning he has to go into the
fundamentals of acoustics and thermodynamics.
VII. Прочитайте З абзац текста и ответьте на вопросы письменно.
1. Where are ultrasonic waves used?
2. What metal parts are successfully cleaned by ultrasonics?
3. How can cracks in metals be cleaned7
4. Does cleaning by ultrasonic seem to be very simple or very complex
5. What does a physicist know?
Контрольное задание №4
Чтобы правильно выполнить задание 4, необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса английского языка по рекомендованному учебнику:
1. Сложные формы инфинитива (Passive Infinitive, Perfect Infinitive). Обороты,
равнозначные придаточным предложениям: объектный инфинитивный оборот,
субъектный инфинитивный оборот.
2. Причастия (Participle I, II). Независимый (самостоятельный) причастный оборот.
3. Условные предложения
Используйте образцы выполнения упражнений.
Образец выполнения 1 (купр.1)
1. A laser beam is known to be widely Известно, что лазерный луч
used in medicine. широко используется в медицине.
2. Specialists believe synthetic fibres Специалисты полагают, что
to be widely used in different синтетические волокна будут
industries. широко использоваться в
различных отраслях промышленности.
3. The device to be bought must be Прибор, который нужно купить,
checked beforehand. следует предварительно проверить
Образец выполнения 2 (к упр.2)
1. Countries wishing to cooperate Страны, желающие сотрудничать
with us will always find the с нами, всегда найдут должное
necessary understanding. понимание
2. New technological processes Когда были разработаны новые
having been developed, new types технологические процессы, в цех
of equipment have been installed in the shop.
3. Having read the book I returned it to the library.
было установлено новое технологическое оборудование. Прочитав книгу, я возвратил ее в библиотеку.
Образец выполнения 3 (к упр.З)
1. If the installation is put into
operation in time, the economic effect
will be greater.
2. If the system had been perfected
we should have applied it for new
calculations.
3. It would be impossible to build
spaceships without using new
materials and alloys.
Если установка будет пущена вовремя, экономический эффект возрастет
Если бы система была усовершенствована, мы бы применили ее для новых расчетов. Было бы невозможно построить космические корабли без применения новых материалов и сплавов.
Вариант 1
I. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения.
Помните, что объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты соответствуют
придаточным предложениям (см. образец выполнения 1).
1. Light and radio waves are said to be of similar nature.
2. We know this young man to work in the field of quantum generators.
3. The metal to be poured into a mold for casting may contract or expand on solidifying.
II. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие
предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод зависимого и независимого
(самостоятельного) причастных оборотов (см. образец выполнения 2).
1. Having done a number of calculations our astronomers have shown that the basic
mass of the galaxies is concentrated outside their visible part.
2. The weather permitting, we shall go to the country.
3. The narrow intense beam being produced by the laser travels great distance witheut
spreading.
III. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие сложные
предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод условных предложений (см.
образец выполнения 3).
1. If biological experiments are continued, the problem of developing the technology for
growing plants in space conditions will be solved.