career at the Cavendish laboratory headed by Ernest Rutherford. After gaining his scientific degree at Cambridge in 1928 Powell accepted a position6 at the Physics laboratory in the University of Bristol. Powell spent the rest of his career there advancing to professor in 1948 and director of the laboratory in 1964.
3. In 1947 Powell's Bristol group identified a new particle in the cosmic radiation.
Powell and other two scientists discovered the я-meson and demonstrated that this sub-
nuclear particle7 was produced directly in nuclear reactions and rapidly decayed in
flight, producing the |i-meson. The discovery solved a complicated scientific problem
and helped open a new era of particle physics.
4. Powell continued to develop and apply the photographic method of Bristol. His
laboratory became the source of new experimental discoveries in meson physics and
an international training center for physicists of many countries. In 1950 he was
awarded the Nobel Prize for his development of the photographic method and his
meson discoveries.
V. Прочитайте 1 и 4 абзацы текста и письменно ответьте на вопросы.
1. What was Powel noted for?
2. What problems was he concerned with?
3. What did he stress in his published articles?
4. Whose laboratory became the source of new experimental discoveries?
5. What was Powel awarded the Noble Prize for?
Контрольное задание З
Чтобы правильно выполнить задание 3, необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса английского языка по рекомендованному учебнику:
1. Грамматические функции и значения слов that, one, it.
2. Пассивный залог (the Passive Voice) видовременных форм Indefinite, Continuous,
Perfect.
3. Функции глаголов to be, to have, to do.
4. Простые неличные формы глагола.
Инфинитив в функции
а) подлежащего,
б) составной части сказуемого,
в) определения,
г) обстоятельства цели.
5. Бессоюзное подчинение в определительных и дополнительных придаточных
предложениях.
Используйте образцы выполнения упражнений.
Образец выполнения 1 (к упр. I)
Present Perfect Passive
The main question has already been Главный вопрос уже обсудили,
discussed.
Present Indefinite Passive
His scientific work is much spoken about. О его научной работе много говоря.
Образец выполнения 2 (к упр. II)
1. it is necessary to use the latest means
of control in industry.
2. One should agree that that experiment
was of great importance for our research.
3. It is hydrogen that will be the main
source of energy in the car of the future.
Необходимо использовать в промышленности новейшие средства контроля
Следует согласиться, что тот эксперимент имел большое значение для нашего исследования Именно водород будет основным источником энергии в автомобиле будущего
Образец выполнения 3 (к упр. IV)
1. What is the name of the book you are
reading?
2. The region you must explore possesses
great natural wealth.
Как называется книга, которую ты
читаешь?
Район, который мы должны
исследовать, обладает огромными
природными ресурсами.
Вариант 1
I. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в каждом из них видовременную форму и залог глагола-сказуемого (см. образец). Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. When much materials had been looked through and some problems had been
solved, the article was published.
2. Electric cars will be widely used in future.
3. Today plastics are being applied for car bodies (корпус автомобиля).
4. This lecturer is listened to with great interest.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык,
обращая внимание на разные значения слов it, that, one.
1. It is proved that light needs time to travel any distance.
2. One must take part in scientific work.
3. Specialists consider that in future city transport will reject gasoline.
III. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание
на различные значения глаголов to be, to have, to do.
1. Scientists had to create new materials for industry.
2. This material does not possess elastic properties.
3. This material has many valuable properties.
4. He was to get these data yesterday.
IV. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык,
обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение
1. We know electricity produces heat.
2. The new materials chemists developed were used in space technology.
V. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык,
обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива.
1. They were to install the new equipment.
2. The metal to be used in the experiment is to be hard.
3. To reinforce the metal engineers use artificial fibers.
4. To operate this complex device is rather difficult.
VI. Прочитайте и переведите с 1 по 3-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно
переведите 2, 3 и 4-й абзацы
Пояснения к тексту:
1. for the most part - большей частью
2. in this respect - в этом отношении
3. as to - что касается
4. by far - несомненно.
Better metals are vital to technological progress
1. Since the earliest days the preparation of metals for mechanical use was vital to the advance of civilization. Gold, silver and copper were the first to be used by a primitive man, as they were found free in nature. Today we know more than sixty-five metals available in large enough quantities to be used in industry. 2 Metals are mostly solid at ordinary temperature and possess comparatively high melting points with the exception of mercury. They are for the most part1 good conductors of heat and electricity, and silver is the best in this respect2. As to3 their chemical properties the first point to be mentioned is that they vary widely in degree of chemical activity: some are enormously active and others are inert. The Earth contains a large number of metals useful to man. Of all metals to be utilized in industry iron remains by far4 the most important. Modern industry needs considerable quantities of this metal either in the form of iron or steel.
3. To get the desirable characteristics in metals or to improve them the art to mix
metals and other substances began to develop. The first alloys that were formed in this
way were sometimes stronger, tougher, harder and more elastic than the metals of
which they were composed. To estimate nowadays how many alloys there exist in the
modern world is difficult because their numbers increase daily.
4. To serve special uses modern metals and alloys must be lighter yet stronger, more
corrosion-resistant, more suitable for automated fabrication yet less expensive than
those available before.
5. Today transformation, communication, construction, farming and manufacturing all
depend on the availability of suitable metals and alloys.
VII. Прочитайте 1 и 2-й абзацы текста и ответьте на вопросы письменно.
1. What was vital to the advance of civilization?
2. What metals were the first to be used by a man?
3. Why were they used first"?
4. How many metals are available in large quantities today?
5. What do transportation, communication, construction and manufacturing depend on?
Вариант 2
I. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в каждом из них видовременную форму и залог глагола-сказуемого (см. образец). Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. When much had been done in the study of ecology by our institute it became an
important scientific center.
2. This material is unaffected by solar radiation.
3. During the experiment the air in the laboratory was being purified by two ventilators.
4. Great deposits of coal have been discovered in our region.II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык,
обращая внимание на разные значения слов it, that, one.
1. It is necessary to find new sources of cheap energy.
2. It was Einstein who came to the conclusion that the electromagnetic field is
influenced by the gravitational field.
3. This metro station was opened last year and that one will be put into operation in two
years.
III. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание
на различные значения глаголов to be, to have, to do.
1. Man had to learn to obtain electric power directly from the Sun.
2. At present most of the industrial enterprises have their own electric power stations.
3. Specialists do not use solar cells in industry as they are too expensive.
4. The engineers are to study the problem of using cosmic rays.
IV. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык,
обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение.
1. The methods we have just described are very effective.
2. The instruments our plant produces help to automate production processes.
V. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык,
обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива
1. We hope to get new data in a week or two.
2. A number of devices were developed to detect cosmic rays.
3. He spoke about the fuels to be utilized in space research.
4. To operate new flexible line became possible thanks to computers.
VI. Прочитайте и переведите с 1 по 3-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно
переведите 2 и 3-й абзацы.
Пояснения к тексту:
1. magneto - heat engine - магнитно-тепловой двигатель
2. inexhaustible- неисчерпаемый, неистощимый.
Sun-driven engine
1. It is common knowledge that certain metals and their alloys are attracted by a magnet. After heating, this property vanishes; it is restored after cooling down. A new
magneto-heat engine1 works on this principle. This invention relates to devices which,
transform thermal power, for instance, the power of the sun rays, into a mechanical
power of rotation.
2. We know solar power is inexhaustible2 and its use does not harm the environment.
That's why such importance is attached to devices which make it possible to apply the
idea of direct use of solar power, transforming it into mechanical forms of power. The
development of an engine directly driven by a heat source such as solar power, makes
it possible to simplify and make power generation considerably cheaper, in comparison
to the existing thermal engines we use today.
3. The rotor of the new engine is made of an alloy that loses its magnetic properties at
100°C. If the rotor is heated on one side, the cold side of the rotor will turn toward the
magnet. Since heating continues, the rotor goes on rotating too. Thus solar power can
be used as a source of heat in this case. The magneto-heat engine can drive pumps in
waterless districts, it can also be widely used for watering greenery in cities and
settlements.
4. By using thermo-magnetic alloys it is possible to develop a lot of automatic devices, for example, solar clocks, thermometers, etc. Mention should be made that these devices can withstand extreme temperatures. To organize the production of the necessary alloys is simple as there is no need for rare materials or complex technology.
VII. Прочитайте 1 и 2-й абзацы текста и ответьте на вопросы письменно.
1. What property do many metals and their alloys possess?
2. Where are magneto- heat engines used?
3. Where are thermo-magnetic alloys used?
4. What temperatures can these devices withstand?
5. Is it simple or difficult to produce such alloys?
Вариант 3
I. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в каждом из них видовременную форму и залог глагола-сказуемого (см. образец). Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. The radar has been used for the automatic control of ground transport.
2. Today plastics are being widely used instead of metals.
3. The construction of the dam has been completed this month.
4. The alloys were experimented upon in our lab.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык,
обращая внимание на разные значения слов it, that, one.
1. It is the number of electrons within the atom that determines the properties of a
substance.
2. The territory of Moscow is larger than that of London.
3. In London one must get used to the left-side traffic.
III. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание
на различные значения глаголов to be, to have, to do.
1. Some substances do not conduct heat
2. These computers will have to perform millions of operations per second.
3. He was asked to make a report.
4. You are to present the results of your research in a week.
IV. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык,
обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение.
1.1 think he has made a mistake in his calculations.
2. The heat a body contains is the kinetic energy of its molecules.
V. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык,
обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива.
1. They promised to supply us with the necessary equipment.
2. The experiment to be carried out is of great importance for our research.
3. To convert chemical energy into electrical energy we must use an electrical cell.
4. The task of the computer is to operate flexible line properly.
VI. Прочитайте и переведите с 1 по 4-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно
переведите 1 и 2-й абзацы.
Пояснения к тексту:
1. self-taught engineer - инженер самоучка
2. crossing - переправа
3. a span - пролёт, to span - перекрывать
On bridge building
1. The history of Russian bridge building is closely connected with the name of Kulibin,
one of the most talented self-taught engineers1. From his early childhood Kulibin
showed a keen interest in all kinds of mechanical devices. To acquire skill and
knowledge became the boy's greatest desire. But books were difficult to obtain in the
provincial town where he lived and there was no one to instruct him in mechanics. The
difficulties which he had to overcome seemed irresistible. But in spite of all that he
succeeded in going to Petersburg where he was appointed mechanic to the Academy of
sciences and since then spent all his free time and all his money on new inventions.