80) The director apologised for not keeping his promise.
81) At last I succeeded in passing my exam in economics.
82) I’m thinking of buying a new colour television set.
83) I was afraid of missing the train.
84) It’s no use calling him now. He is out.
85) Playing football takes all Steve’s spare time.
86) Creating new working places in this region will decrease the level of unemployment.
87) The attorney insisted on Mark’s testifying.
88) Jack got in touch with the bank to find out what sum of money remained on his current bank account.
89) He is known to be rather an experienced reporter to make bad mistakes in preparing an article for publishing.
90) Ten months passed after signing the contract.
91) What is the reason of your being dissatisfied?
92) In announcing the voting results there appeared dissatisfaction among the members of the Board of Directors.
93) The possibility of losing a job bothers many people used to the guarantee of employment.
94) These measures will give additional advantages of evaluating bank loans granted to industrial enterprises.
95) Both capital and skills possessed by people are the basis of ensuring public wealth.
96) Greece took measures ensuring its joining the European currency.
97) West-European law has the advantage of having been tested and appeared to be active.
98) You have the right to sell the company’s assets.
99) The success is usually guaranteed to the company which is the first to get the market niche.
100) The activity of any organisation is the activity of people aimed at achieving their goals.
1.
1) seven hundred thousand
2) one thousand five hundred and two, or fifteen hundred and two
3) five hundred thousand and ninety-seven
4) two hundred and three thousand six hundred and ten
5) four thousand five hundred million seven hundred thousand
2.
1) eleven hundred
2) nineteen ninety-nine
3) nineteen [ou] five
4) three thousand B. C. ; (or thirty hundred B. C.)
5) two thousand and ten
3.
1) second 2) fouth 3) fifth 4) eighth 5) ninth 6) eighteenth 7) nineteenth 8) twentieth 9) twenty-first 10) thirtieth
4.
1) three hundred and twenty five (in US: three hundred twenty five)
2) seven hundred and nineteen (US: seven hundred nineteen)
3) three thousand and seventy seven (US: three thousand seventy-seven)
4) one/a hundred and one passengers
5) six hundred men
6) seven o five o; nine o
7) thirty – love
8) an eighth (or one eighth)
9) three eighths
10) one and four ninths
11) two-thirds of the population
12) two hundred and twenty over four hundred and eight
13) seven tenths of a mile.
14) nought point five, or point five (US: zero point five)
15) three point three seven five (or three point three hundred and seventy-five)
16) sixteen hundred B. C., or one thousand six hundred B. C.
5.
1) Three thousand and forty-two voters selected Ross. (A number that starts a sentence should always be spelled out, even if is over 100.)
2) forty-five. (Numbers under 100 are usually spelled out.)
3) ninety-nine percent. (Numbers under 100 are usually spelled out.)
4) One/A hundred and thirty-five men. (A number that starts a sentence should always be spelled out, even if is over 100.)
5) A third. (It is better to write out ordinal numbers unless they are used in special texts.)
6) No change is necessary.
7) Please, refer to page 184 in chapter 6 of your history book. (Whenever mentioning parts of a book (page numbers, sections, chapters, exercises), use figures.)
8) At eight the gong sounded for supper. (A number that starts a sentence should always be spelled out, even if is over 100.)
9) The show was visited by 1,525 people. (In writing, commas (but not full stops) are used to separate thousands.)
10) Three thousand pounds. (A definite number of the word 'thousand' is not made plural and is never followed by of.)
11) Eleven thousand one hundred. (When other numbers are used before hundred, thousand, etc., one, not a, is more usual.)
12) Correct. (In special or technical texts cardinals and ordinals should always be indicated by figures.)
13) A sample schedule appears on page 5. (Whenever mentioning parts of a book (page numbers, sections, chapters, exercises), figures are used.)
14) Private property worth $2,500,000. (In writing, commas (but not full stops) are used to separate thousands.)
6.
1) Millions of people die every year from starvation.
2) I’ve told him so hundreds of times.
3) He paid several million dollars.
4) Is it tram 5?
5) Read Lesson 5 again.
6) You owe me two hundred and eighty-one dollars.
7) Seven is a lucky number.
8) He lives in Flat 5.
9) Four hundred of people are participating in the Congress.
10) Forty-two dollars and twenty-five cents covered all his expenses.
11) Thirteen were from California.
12) You’ll need a dozen eggs to make the cake.
13) He was the hundred and first customer.
14) I usually go to my work by bus 10.
15) There are more than 250 houses in this street.
16) In 358 A. D. they conquered the island.
17) Eighteen is a wonderful age.
18) The book was published in the seventies/in the ’70s/in the 1970s.
19) They stayed (for) a quarter of an hour.
20) A tenth of the population is illiterate.
Exercise 5
1) third. (Ordinal numbers are usually spelled out.)
2) ten, twenty-two. (Numbers under 100 are spelled out.)
3) $2 million, first. (Large numbers are spelled out. Ordinal numbers are spelled out.)
4) nineteenth. (Ordinal numbers are spelled out.)
5) One thousand one hundred and thirty nine. (Numbers that begin a sentence are spelled out.)
6) four, 8. (Numbers under 100 are spelled out but parts of a book are referred to by figures.)
7) Correct. (It is usually clearer to use figures when writing a fraction.)
8) Two hundred and twenty-five people. (A number that starts a sentence should always be spelled out, even if is over 100.)
9) twelwe chairs. Numbers under 100 are usually spelled out.
10) three soldiers. (Numbers under 100 are usually spelled out.)
11) One/A hundred and thirty-five men. (A number that starts a sentence should always be spelled out, even if is over 100.)
12) A third. (It is better to write out ordinal numbers unless they are used in special texts.
13) No change is necessary.
Exercise 8
1) Fifty one books.
2) A (one) hundred people.
3) Three hundred and seventy-one/seventy-one applications.
4) Six hundred people.
5) A (one) million (1,000,000) red roses.
6) Hundreds of people come here annually.
7) Four hundred and twenty-seven thousand five hundred and twenty.
8) Two thousand shoppers/clients/purchases.
9) Twenty-one days.
10) Twenty-three thousand.
11) One thousand two hundred and fifty.
12) One thousand and first tourist.
13) England won 4:0 (four nil/ (to) nothing).
14) Fifty kilograms
15) Three hundred cars
16) Sixty-one grams
17) Two million two hundred thousand and one tons.
18) Hundreds of cases.
19) Three thousand and one roubles.
20) Three of my friends.
Progress Test
1.
1) five hundred and three
2) six thousand and fifteen, or sixty hundred and fifteen
3) seven thousand one hundred and forty, or seventy-one hundred and forty
4) one thousands nine hundred and ten, or nineteen hundred and ten.
5) two thousand one hundred and six, or twenty one hundred and six.
2.
1) nineteen hundred
2) nineteen eighty-four
3) sixteen o ([ou]) one
4) two thousand
5) two thousand and three
3.
1) first 2) third 3) fifth 4) ninth 5) twelfth 6) nineteenth 7) fortieth 8) one hundredth 9) one hundred and first 10) four hundredth
4.
1) There are two million books in the library.
2) Millions of people will watch the Olympic games in Greece.
3) ‘One/a million red roses’ is her favourite song.
4) I’ll go by bus 10.
5) Open the book at page 57.
6) A thousand and one nights.
7) John has a third and I have two thirds of the shares.
8) Chapter 7 is the most interesting.
9) Five thousand two hundred and forty-five votes were enough for him to win the elections.
10) The work is nine-tenths finished.
11) Two hundred and ten guests arrived from different parts of the country.
12) Dozens of apples were under the tree.
13) Eleven thousand people make up the population of this town.
14) He was only fifty-four but he looked very old.
15) I have already read more than 450 pages.
16) It happened in 309 B. C.
17) He earns over a million a year.
18) She is in her forties.
19) They stayed (for) a half hour/ half an hour.
20) Two thirds of the population voted for him.
Bibliography
1. Каушанская В.Л., Ковнер Р.Л., Кожевникова О.Н. и др. Грамматика английского языка (на англ. яз.). – Ленинград: Просвещение, 1973.
2. Каушанская В.Л., Ковнер Р.Л., Кожевникова О.Н. и др. Сборник упражнений по грамматике английского языка. – Ленинград: Просвещение, 1973.
3. Alexander, L.G. Longman English Grammar. – Longman, 1997.
4. Azar, Betty Schramper. Fundamentals of English Grammar. – New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc., 1985.
5. Carter, R., Hughes, R. and McCarthy, M. Exploring Grammar in Context. – Cambridge: CUP, 2000.
6. Carter, R., Hughes, R. and McCarthy, M. Grammar Reference and Practice. – Cambridge: CUP, 2000.
7. Carton-Sprenger, J., Greenhall, S. Flying Colours. – Heineman, 1992.
8. Collins Cobuild Student's Grammar. Practice Material by Dave Willis. Self-study edition with answer keys. – Birmingham: The University of Birmingham, 1993.
9. Collins Cobuild English Grammar. – Birmingham: Harper Collins Publishers, 1994.
10. Craig, Ruth Parle. 1001 Pitfalls in English Grammar. – New York: Barron’s Educational Series, Inc., 1986.
11. Evans, V. FCE use of English. – Express Publishing, 2000.
12. Huddleston, Rodney and Pullum, Geoffrey K. The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. – Cambridge: CUP, 2002.
13. Leech, Geoffrey and Svartvik, Jan. A Communicative Grammar of English. – Moscow: Prosveshcheniye, 1983.
14. Murphy, Raymond. Essential Grammar In Use. A self-study reference and practice book for elementary students of English. – Cambridge: CUP, 1997.
15. Murphy, Raymond. English Grammar In Use. A self-study reference and practice book for intermediate students. – Cambridge: CUP, 1994.
16. Super Review of English Language. New Jersey: Research and Educational Association, 2000.
17. Swan, Michael. Practical English Usage. – Oxford: OUP, 1986.
18. Thomson, A.S., Martinet, A.V. A Practical English Grammar. – Oxford: OUP, 1986.
19. Thomson, A.S. and Martinet, A.V. A Practical English Grammar. Exercises. – Oxford: OUP, 1990.
20. Vince, M. Advanced Language Practice. – Heinemann, 1994.
21. Vince, M. Intermediate Language Practice. – Heinemann, 1998.
1. Fowler, H.W. A Dictionary of Modern English Usage. – Greenwich House, 1983.
2. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. – Longman Group Limited, 1978.
3. Longman Language Activation. – Longman Group UK Limited, 1995.
C O N T E N T S
| Chapter 7. VERBS. Modal verbs | 3 |
| Entry test | 3 |
| Unit 1. Meaning and use | 8 |
| Unit 2. Can/Could | 10 |
| § 1. Can/could to express ability or capability | 10 |
| § 2. Can/could to express possibility, choices and opportunities | 11 |
| § 3. Can/could to express uncertainty, doubt, astonishment and improbability | 12 |
| § 4. Can/could: to express permission, requests, and offers | 13 |
| § 5. Can/could in set phrases | 13 |
| Unit 3. May/Might | 18 |
| § 1. May/might to express permission | 19 |
| § 2. May/might to express possibility | 19 |
| § 3. May/might to express wishes, persuasive requests, and criticism | 20 |
| § 4. May/might in set phrases | 20 |
| § 5. Compare may and can for permission and possibility | 21 |
| Unit 4. Must | 24 |
| § 1. Must to express obligation and prohibition | 25 |
| § 2. Must to express a command and an emphatic request | 25 |
| § 3. Must to express supposition | 26 |
| § 4. Compare must and may for supposition and prohibition | 26 |
| Unit 5. Need | 29 |
| Unit 6. To have (got) + Infinitive | 32 |
| Unit 7. To be + Infinitive | 34 |
| Unit 8. Must, to have to, and to be to in comparison | 37 |
| Unit 9. Should and ought to | 41 |
| § 1. Should and ought to in comparison | 41 |
| § 2. Must, should, and ought to in comparison | 42 |
| § 3. Emotional should: in subordinate clauses, emphatic constructions | 43 |
| Unit 10. Shall | 46 |
| Unit 11. Will and would | 48 |
| § 1. Will and would for characteristic habit, criticizing, natural tendency, and requests | 48 |
| § 2. Will and would for intention, insistence, certainty or supposition | 50 |
| REVIEW EXERCISES | 53 |
| PROGRESS TEST | 57 |
| MOOD. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES | 62 |
| Entry test | 62 |
| Unit 1. The Indicative, Imperative and Subjunctive Moods § 1. Mood. General Information § 2. The Subjunctive Mood | 66 66 67 |
| Unit 2. Three Types of Conditional Sentences | 68 |
| Unit 3. Type I Conditionals with Real Condition | 69 |
| Unit 4. Type II Conditionals with an Unreal Condition in the Present | 75 |
| Unit 5. Type III Conditionals with an Unreal Condition in the Past | 81 |
| Unit 6. Mixed Conditionals | 87 |
| Unit 7. "If only","I wish" | 90 |
| REVIEW EXERCISES | 95 |
| PROGRESS TEST | 102 |
| Sequence of Tenses and REPORTED SPEECH | 106 |
| Entry test | 106 |
| Unit 1. Sequence of Tenses | 109 |
| Unit 2. Reported Speech. Meaning and use | 112 |
| Unit 3. Reported statements | 115 |
| Unit 4. Reported questions | 124 |
| Unit 5. Reported commands, requests, suggestions | 131 |
Unit 6. Modals in Reported Speech | 138 |
| REVIEW EXERCISES | 141 |
| PROGRESS TEST | 154 |
| CHAPTER 8. VERBALS (NONFINITE FORMS | 157 |
| Entry test | 157 |
| Unit 1. General Information | 160 |
| Unit 2. The Infinitive | 161 |
| § 1. General Information | 161 |
| § 2. The Use of Particle to with the Infinitive | 162 |
| § 3. Forms of the Infinitive | 166 |
| § 4. The Functions of the Infinitive | 167 |
| § 5. The Infinitive Constructions | 178 |
| 5.1. Complex Object with the Infinitive | 178 |
| 5.2. Complex Subject (The Subjective Infinitive Construction) | 183 |
| 5.3. The For-to-Infinitive Construction | 186 |
Unit 3. The Gerund | 189 |
| § 1. General Information | 189 |
| § 2. The Forms of the Gerund | 189 |
| § 3. The Functions of the Gerund | 190 |
| § 4. The Use of the Gerund | 190 |
| Unit 4. The Participles (Participle I and Participle II) | 204 |
| § 1. General Information | 204 |
| § 2. The Forms of the Participles | 204 |
| § 3. The Functions of the Participles | 205 |
| § 4. Participial Constructions | 215 |
| 4.1. Complex Object | 215 |
| 4.2. Absolute Participial Construction | 217 |
| § 5. Parenthesis | 219 |
| REVIEW EXERCISES | 220 |
| PROGRESS TEST | 229 |
| CHAPTER 9. NUMERALS | 234 |
| Entry test | 234 |
| Unit 1. Numerals. Meaning and Use | 236 |
| PROGRESS TEST | 246 |
| KEYS | 248 |
| BIBLIOGRAPHY | 278 |
Учебное издание