Education in our country is free at most schools. At many institutes and universities there are also departments where students have to pay for their education. Full-time students of universities and institutes get scholarships.
Our country needs more and more specialists with higher education every year.
the right to education право на образование
compulsory обязательный
inclusive включительно
to finish a secondary school оканчивать среднюю школу
a vocational school училище
a technical school техникум
an applicant абитуриент
an academic year (a study year) учебный год
a graduate course аспирантура
a theses диссертация
a candidate degree степень кандидата наук
a doctoral degree степень доктора наук
an objective цель
to decentralize уничтожить централизацию
to be funded by the state финансироваться государством
to get a scholarship получать стипендию
to take notes вести конспект
credit tests зачеты
in advance заранее
a course paper курсовая работа
a graduation project дипломный проект
to submit (to present) представлять
3. Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы после текста. Подготовьтесь к собеседованию на тему Higher education in Great Britain, используя вопросы после текста.
HIGHER EDUCATION IN GREAT BRITAIN
Higher education in Great Britain is provided by a great number of universities and polytechnics. There are about 50 universities in the country. They are divided into three types: the old universities (Oxford, Cambridge and Edinburgh Universities), the 19th century universities such as London and Manchester universities, and the new universities. The new universities are divided into various faculties, e.g. the faculty of science, faculty of social and economic studies. In each faculty there may be a number of departments dealing with separate subjects. Some years ago there were also polytechnics (now universities).
After graduating from a polytechnic a student got a degree, but it was not a university degree. 30 former polytechnics were given university status in 1992. There are not only universities in Britain but also 350 colleges and institutes of higher education (some of which train teachers or professions connected with medicine). There is a competition to get into the best universities. They accept students mainly on the basis of their “A” level results (on the bases of the results of advanced level examinations).
The rules of teaching process differ from university to university. The teaching is based on the tutorial system as well as lectures. Each student has a tutor. He decides what lectures the students must attend, recommends books for reading, discusses and criticizes their written works. All lectures and examinations for all students are organized by the University authorities.
The academic year in Britain is divided into three terms, which usually run from October to December, from January to March and from April to June. Undergraduate courses normally take three years of full-time study, although a number of subjects take longer, including foreign languages (where courses include a year abroad). Medicine and dentistry courses are 5-7 years. After these years of studies and successful final examinations the students get their first degree B.A. – Bachelor of Arts or B.Sc. – Bachelor of Science. There are various postgraduate degrees, including Master and Doctor of Philosophy. The last two are awarded for research in arts and sciences.
At present, students who have been accepted by universities or other institutions of higher education receive a grant from their Local Education Authority, which covers the cost of the course, and may cover living expenses (accommodation, transport and food). This grant depends on the income of parents. Parents with higher incomes are expected to make a contribution. Until 1990 the grant did not have to be paid back, but now a system of loans has been introduced. That is why most students are to work. But students don’t usually have a job during term time because lectures and tutorials (small groups) are full time. However, many students now have to work in the evenings or during their vacation.
Most students live away from home, in flats or halls of residence.
to be provided by – обеспечиваться
to be divided into – делиться
to deal with – иметь дело, касаться
status – статус
a former polytechnic – бывший политехнический институт
to accept = to admit
on the basis of ″A″ level results – на основе результатов экзаменов продвинутого уровня
a tutorial system – система наставничества
an undergraduate course – курс для студентов
full-time study – дневное обучение
a Bachelor’s degree in Arts or Science – степень бакалавра гуманитарных или естественных наук
a postgraduate degree – ученая степень (присуждается после обучения в
аспирантуре или докторантуре)
Master of Philosophy – магистр гуманитарных наук
to be awarded for smth. – присуждается за что-либо
to receive a grant – получать стипендию
Local Education Authority – местный комитет по образованию
to cover the cost of smth. – покрывать расходы на что-либо
living expenses – стоимость проживание
to make a contribution – зд.: возместить часть расходов
to introduce a system of loans – ввести систему займов
1. What is necessary to go on to higher education?
2. What types of higher educational establishments are there in the U.K.?
3. What is the teaching in GB based on?
4. How many years does the course of studies in GB take?
5. What is the procedure of awarding degrees?
6. What are the conditions of receiving grants?
7. Can you compare the system of higher education in the U.K. with the Russian one?
4. Просмотрите данную автобиографию в анкетной форме. Составьте по аналогии свою автобиографию.
1. NAME/SURNAME Mariana Smirnova
2. AGE 14 October, 1984
3. MARITAL STATUS Single
4. CONTACT TELEPHONE 412 70 81
5. LANGUAGES English (fluent) - translating, interpreting
and negotiating skills
6. EDUCATION A fourth-year student at the evening department
of the Institute of Foreign Relations (MGIMO)
International Economy
7. COURSES AND PROFESSIONAL 2001-2002
TRAINING Typing and computer courses
2002-2003
Interpreting courses
8. WORK EXPERIENCE 2001 -2005 JSC, Poliphondis Securities
Assistant General Director
2005 - MADI Institute (Automobile Institute,
Economics department)
Translator/Interpreter, Office Assistant
9. SALARY HISTORY $ 700 per month including lunch
10.COMPUTER SKILLS Word for Windows,
EXCEL, Norton Commander
11.PREVIOUS EXPERIENCE 1. Oral and -written translation
2. Travel arrangement
3. Meetings and negotiations arrangement
4. Business letters and contracts making
5. Carrying out administrative duties about the office
6. Working with clients, marketing experience
12. INTERPERSONAL QUALITIES Good communication skills, energetic, well-organised, flexible, friendly, honest, responsible, intelligent
Vocabulary
resume [`rezju(:)mei] – краткие анкетные данные (о поступающем на работу)
marital status – семейное положение
skills – навыки
experience – опыт
previous – предыдущий, предшествующий
securities – ценные бумаги
assistant – референт, секретарь
salary – жалование, оклад, заработная плата
arrangement – приготовление
negotiation – переговоры
quality – качество, характерная черта
5. Напишите свою автобиографию в свободной форме. Подготовьтесь к собеседованию на тему My autobiography.
6. Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы после текста. Подготовьтесь к собеседованию на тему Business I’d like to start, используя вопросы после текста.
HOW TO CHOOSE YOUR BUSINESS
Business is a word which is commonly used in many different languages. But exactly what does it mean? The concepts and activities of business have increased in modern times. Traditionally, business simply meant exchange or trade for things people wanted or needed. Today it has a more technical definition. One definition of business is the production, distribution, and sale of goods and services for a profit.
What kind of business will be right for you? Maybe you already have an idea for a business based on your special knowledge, skill, experience, or interests. Maybe you know you’d like to start a business, but you’re still looking around for ideas. Look around at your community and the people in it. What do they need that you can supply? Remember that, in the end, success depends on providing something your potential customers will want to buy from you. Some general rules may help you narrow down the possibilities.
Rule 1: Choose a Business You Know
Your chances of success increase greatly if you choose a business in which you’ve had previous experience or training. This rule may seem limiting, but it really isn’t. You need not do exactly what you have done before.
The trick is to pick a field in which you have an interest, contacts, a sense of the tricks of the trade – but one that’s different enough from what you were doing to keep you interested or to supply or anticipate a need.
Rule 2: Remember That Business Has Cycles
General economic conditions that you can’t control may have good or bad effects on your business. During the fuel shortage, people travelled less. Travel-related business suffered. Gasoline and motel sales went down, but more dollars were spent on home repairs.
Consumer tastes have cycles, too. For example, people will always need to eat, but today more people eat in restaurants or buy prepackaged and catered foods. Fewer people cook from scratch at home.
Rule 3: Analyze Your Interests
If you can't keep your checkbook straight and tend to put off paying bills, it’s unlikely you’ll want to start an accounting service. Are you good with your hands, or good with people? Do you like noise, action, and crowds, or shun them? Are you better with words or with numbers? Do you like gadgets or do machines conspire against you?
Maybe your friends have told you how good you are at something – a craft, or cooking, or writing letters. Be careful, though; cooking is only a small part of running a restaurant, for example. There’s ordering food, planning, decorating, scheduling, promoting, supervising to be done.
Are you good with a camera and good with children and pets? Perhaps a specialized photography service is for you. Don't be afraid to let your imagination roam. Who would have thought that hot air balloons had a future?
Once you know the general area of your interests, consider that there are three ways you can serve consumer needs in that area: Making a product (manufacturing), selling a product (retail or wholesale sales), or providing a service. These are the three basic categories of business.
narrow down the possibilities – сузить выбор
a sense of the tricks of the trade – понимание секретов профессии
to supply or anticipate a need – чтобы удовлетворить существующую потребность или
предвосхитить её
prepackaged and catered food – полуфабрикаты или приготовленная и доставленная на дом
еда
from scratch – с самого начала, зд. из продуктов
shun them – избегать их
gadgets – технические новинки, приспособления
do machine conspire against you? – вы не в ладу с техникой?
to let your imagination roam – дать свободу своему соображению
7. Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы после текста. Подготовьтесь к собеседованию на тему Forms of business, используя вопросы после текста.
TYPES OF BUSINESS UNITS IN THE U.K.
Consider now different types of firms in a western economy, such as the United Kingdom:
sole proprietorship (one-man business):
partnership
joint - stock company
branch of a foreign company.
The one − man business is the most common type of firm. As the one-man business is small it can provide a personal service to its customers and can respond flexibly to the requirements of the market. Decisions can be taken quickly as the owner doesn't have to consult with any directors. But the disadvantage associated with one-man business is that there is no legal distinction between the owner and his business. The owner has, therefore, unlimited liability for any debit incurred by the business, so that in the eventually bankruptcy all his assets (for example his house and car) are liable to seizure. There are many one-man owners, for example: a farmer, a doctor, a solicitor, an estate agent, a builder, a hairdresser etc.
Partnership. An ordinary partnership contains from two to twenty partners. The major disadvantage, once again, is unlimited liability. As each partner is able to commit the other partners to agreements entered into, all of the others may suffer from the errors of one unreliable or fool hardly partner. Partnerships are often found in the professions, for example, among doctors, dentists, solicitors and architects.
Joint − stock company. The joint-stock company with limited liability developed in the second half of the nineteenth century. The liability of the shareholders is limited to the amount they have subscribed to the firm capital and each shareholder knows the extent of his potential loss if the company goes bankrupt. All joint-stock companies are required to file annually with the Registrar of Companies details of their profits, assets and other financial information, such as the remuneration of the directors. A joint-stock company can be either a private limited company or a public limited company. The shares of a private company cannot be offered for sale to the public and thus are not traded on the Stock Exchange. The shares cannot be transferred without the consent of the other shareholders. Private companies require a minimum of two and a maximum of fifty shareholders. The names of such companies end simply in Ltd. For example: Wilson and Son Ltd.