Методические указания для студентов 2 курса судомеханического факультета заочного отделения (стр. 2 из 10)

2. Перепишите следующие предложения , подчеркните Participle I и
Participle II и установите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством
или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1) You must be very careful while working with machines and motors.

2) Some chief engineers have a Certificate of approval enabling them to carry out continuous machinery survey on its behalf.

3) The system of planned maintenance includes both survey and intermediate overhaul of all items.

4) Metals having relatively high strength and withstanding high temperatures are used for turbine blades.

3. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них
модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите на русский язык.

1) The area must be cleaned and washed to remove all salt, dirt and oil.

2) The equipment is to be delivered within 12 months.

3) Pollution can also come from engine-room bilges of all ships (not only tankers), since bilge water is always contaminated by oil.

4) These tools may be very helpful for you.

4. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст, обращая внимание на
пояснения к тексту.

Cooling System

The principal function of the cooling system is to dispose of the heat transferred from the burning fuel to the metal adjacent to the combustion chamber. It is usually extended and put to uses, such as cooling the scavenging air, lubricating oil, etc. All of these points of application may be included into a single system and sea water and fresh water used as the cooling medium. The most often used cooling system is an enclosed fresh water system. In this case sea water is used for cooling

fresh water, oil, scavenging air. The water that enters the bottom of each cylinder jacket flows upward, passes into the cylinder head, then through the exhaust valve cage and into a pipe leading to the exhaust manifold jacket and then to the thermostat. The latter delivers part of the water to the cooler and the rest of it to the circulating pump to be recirculated.

In some installations cooling of the piston is done with fresh water, sea water, being used only in the coolers, through which the fresh water and oil are passed after leaving the engine.

The all salt-water method is the simplest arrangement because of the necessity for fewer pumps and the elimination of water coolers and storage tanks, but the use of fresh water reduces the trouble due to scale, sediment and corrosion. Cooling the pistons with oil eliminates troubles due to leakage of water into lubricating oil.

Vocabulary

1. cooling system - система охлаждения

2. burning fuel - горящее топливо

3. combustion chamber - камера сгорания

4. exhaust manifold - выхлопной коллектор

5. cooling medium - охлаждающая среда

6. cylinder jacket- рубашка цилиндра

7. cage - корпус

8. jacket system - система зарубашечного пространства

9. the rest - остальная часть

10. storage - отстойный

11. to reduce - уменьшать

12. fresh water - пресная вода

ВАРИАНТ 2

1. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из
них глагол-сказуемое, определите его видовременную форму и залог.

1) The ship is provided with oil residue tanks with the total capacity of 10 cu.m.

2) We have repaired three Russian vessels so far, two from the North Shipping Company and a research vessel belonging to the Academy of Sciences.

3) We were repairing the engine the whole morning and could not leave the port in time.

4) All fuel oil pumps were carefully inspected before bunkering.

1) The ordered supplies will be delivered tomorrow.

2) When spare parts received, please inform us.

3) According to the ship's specifications, the working pressure of the boiler should be 10 kg / sq. cm.

4) All ships should be equipped with technical facilities that make impossible to discharge water containing oil or oil products into the sea.

1) Routine cleaning and overhaul may be carried out at sea.

2) The Chief Engineer can decide which item can run longer than planned.

3) Discharge valves are to be shut and sealed.

4) Pistons should also be examined for cracks.

4. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст, обращая внимание на
пояснения к тексту.

Fuel System

The fuel piping system comprises the fuel supply lines, high-pressure fuel lines and fuel heating pipes, if heavy fuel is used. Fuel supply lines include the supply lines from the fuel transfer pumps and preheating arrangement to the fuel filters and fuel pumps on the engine supply also the fuel supply lines to the installation. High-pressure fuel lines connect the fuel pumps with the fuel valves and are under very high intermittent pressure.

Fuel system fittings are: fuel transfer pump, fuel filter, fuel pressure -maintenance valve, fuel shut-off valve, fuel non-return valve.

The fuel transfer pump is driven separately by an electric motor. The fuel filter contains several filter elements which can be switched over during operation and is designed for steam heating.

The fuel pressure-retaining valve is designed for adjustable back pressure. The pressure adjusted should be so high that there is no formation of vapour on the suction side of the pumps. The fuel shut-off valve opens during operations and is provided with a double cone seat to prevent leakage, so that the main pipe can be isolated for dismantling the fuel pumps or preheating.

The non-return valve is situated between the fuel pumps and the overflow line with single-controlled fuel pumps. During operation the surplus fuel delivered by the fuel transfer pumps runs off into the overflow line. When dismantling a fuel pump, the letter is isolated from the overflow line by the non-return valve.

Each cylinder possesses its own fuel pump, which discharges a definite quantity of fuel through the discharge line to the fuel valve at the correct moments and under high pressure, the fuel is then sprayed into the combustion chamber.

Vocabulary

1. fuel piping system - трубопровод топливной системы

2. fuel heating pipes - трубопровод подогрева топлива

3. intermittent pressure - пульсирующее давление

4. pressure-maintenance (remaining) valve - клапан постоянного давления

5. shut-off valve - отсечной клапан

6. non-return valve - невозвратный клапан

7. to adjust - регулировать

8. disharge line - трубопровод подачи

9. double cone seat - двухконусное седло

10. overflow line - трубопровод перелива

11. dismantling - демонтаж

12. single-controlled - насос основной

ВАРИАНТ 3

l)Two sailors of our crew have been hospitalized in a foreign port.

2) Mr. Wilson and the Chief Engineer are discussing the repair of the camshaft.

3) The liners were badly damaged through erosion on the cooling water side.

4) The controllable pitch propeller ( CPP ) was damaged when we were fishing in the Labrador area.

1) With oil circulating in the system again check the oil level in the reservoir.

2) The power generated by the turbine depends on the mass of air passing through.

3) Two or more furnaces may be fitted depending on the size of the boiler.
4)The energy normally lost in the exhaust is relatively high.

1) Pump and auxiliary machinery overhauls can be carried out in ports.

2) At intervals of six weeks the fuel valves should be taken out and carefully inspected.

3) We may include this item in our additional list of repairs.

4) The engine must be inspected for defects.

4. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст, обращая внимание на
пояснения к тексту.

Engine lubrication

The problem involved in lubrication is the maintenance of a film of lubricant between any two surfaces that have relative motion, so that the surfaces do not come in contact with each other. In the diesel engine there are two general types of surfaces - those inside the cylinders and those in the bearings.

The only lubricant is mineral oil. The oil used for lubrication of the cylinders must be applied in small quantities, but the oil used for bearing lubrication can be applied in any quantity and used repeatedly.

Cylinder lubrication has two purposes - to maintain the required film to separate the liner surface and the faces of the piston rings as they slide up and down, and act as a seal to prevent gases blowing past the rings.

The things must be done despite the high temperature of combustion.

The customary method of applying oil to the cylinder walls is by means of small pumps, assembled in units, known as mechanical lubrication, with common suction reservoir and a discharge pipe from each pump leading to a connection in the side of the cylinder, through which the oil passes into a hole in the liner. After passing into the cylinder the oil is spread over the surface of the liner by the piston rings as they slide along the liner. Bearing lubrication is effected by means of a circulatory system through which a large amount of oil under pressure is forced through the bearings. In general, the system is made up of a sump or reservoir, from which a circulating pump draws the oil and discharges it through the coolers and filters to a manifold which has a branch to each main bearing.

Vocabulary

1. film - пленка

2. lubrication - смазка

3. lubricant - смазочное вещество

4. bearing - подшипник

5. branch - отвод, патрубок

6. to maintaine - поддерживать, сохранять, обслуживать

7. line - втулка, прокладка цилиндра

8. quantity- количество

9. circulating pump - циркулярный насос

10. surface - поверхность

11. combustion - горение

12. manifold - коллектор

ВАРИАНТ 4

1. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое, определите его видовременную форму и залог.

1) The ship is equipped in accordance with the provisions of the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships.

2) For generating steam for main engine fire-tube boilers have been replaced by water-tube boilers.

3) The company has refused to make repairs to the damaged boiler on the m/v "Maria Ulyanova".

4) The storm began when the ship was approaching the port.

1) The ship built in a foreign port is usually repaired at the same yard.

2) The condensing turbines exhaust their steam to a condenser.

3) The auxiliary pump is used when the turbine is started.

4) When received, pistons are carefully checked and measured against their original dimensions.

1) This loss, however, can be minimized by careful design.

2) The hose is to be connected and disconnected by the shore attendant.

3) Hard particles may also be produced by corrosion.

4) Cylinder liners must be examined externally for deposits of scale.

4. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст, обращая внимание на
пояснения к тексту.

Supercharging

Supercharging, or pressure charging, is a means of increasing the power output of a given engine. It is the process of filling the engine cylinder with air before the compression stroke starts. The pressure of this air is above atmospheric in order to get a greater weight of air into the cylinder. If to start with a higher pressure, the final compression pressure will be higher. This means that if the engine is supercharged, the volume of the compression space must be enlarged if the compression pressure, will be higher. This means that if the engine is

supercharged, the volume of the compression space must be enlarged if the compression pressure is to be kept the same.

Having a greater weight of air in the cylinder more fuel is burnt. Although more oil is burnt there is more air present and the ratio of oil to air is the same as without supercharging.

Exhaust occurs at a higher pressure, but the temperature of the exhaust is lower than with ordinary operation. The inlet valve opens before the exhaust valve closes and the inlet air being higher in pressure than the exhaust gases at the time the inlet valve opens. The air is blown through the compression space, scavenging out the gases and cooling them, the piston and cylinder walls. This action completely fills the cylinder space with fresh air and the net increase in power developed in the engine may be as much as 50 %.

In modern Diesel engines exhaust gas turbocharging is widely used. The exhaust-driven turbochargers operate on the pulse system or on the constant-pressure principle, and are independent of the crankshaft. Their speed changes with the load on the engine. The air compressed by the turbochargers flows into the scavenging-air receiver and through non-return valve into the chambers below each cylinder. Here it is further compressed by the pistons on their downward stoke before flowing into the combustion space when the pistons uncover the scavenge ports.

When the turbocharger is out of action, the ship can run at 75% of her normal speed.