IV. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление модальных глаголов. Подчеркните модальные глаголы в английских предложениях и в переводе.
1. Drivers of express and fast trains must have a rest after 3 hours of work. 2. In New York a passenger may go by subway all day long for the same fare, if he only changes trains but do not go out of the station. 3. In Metro when the passengers get on the escalator, they should stand on the right so that people who hurry can run by on the left 4. The new automated control system will eliminate all types of accidents which can be caused by the driver’s error. 5. You need not hurry up; you may take a later suburban train.
V. Образуйте от данных глаголов две формы Participle I. Полученные причастия переведите на русский язык.
Model: to read - a) reading – читая, читающий;
b) having read – прочитав
1) to use; 2) to make; 3) to develop; 4) to forget; 5) to burn; 6) to transport; 7) to receive; 8) to feel; 9) to study; 10) to carry; 11) to go; 12) to try; 13) to think; 14) to cover; 15) to speak.
VI. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление Participle I в функциях определения и обстоятельства. Подчеркните причастия I в английских предложениях и в переводе.
1. Having packed our baggage, we hired a taxi and hurried to the airport. 2. Electric diagrams showing the routes of trains are installed in the London Underground. 3. The high-speed train running between Hiroshima and Kokura was entered in the Guinness Book of Records for the highest average speed – 261,8 km/h. 4. Carriage wheels, when passing over rail joints, produce the familiar sound “click-etty-click”. 5. While unloading the car we found a few broken boxes.
VII. Образуйте Participle II от глаголов, данных в скобках. Полученные словосочетания перепишите и переведите.
Model: a (to write) article – a written article – написанная статья.
1) a train (to control) by automatic engine-driver; 2) the (to obtain) result; 3) a (to destroy) bridge; 4) machinery (to produce) at our plant; 5) a (to propose) project; 6) equipment (to install) in the laboratory; 7) a (to test) method; 8) a terminal (to upgrade) last year; 9) a railway (to build) for high-speed passenger traffic; 10) a (to repair) section of track.
VIII. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление Participle II в функциях определения и обстоятельства. Подчеркните причастия II в английских предложениях и в переводе.
1. The first steam engine invented by James Watt was installed in a machine at a large mine to pump out the water. 2. The mechanic said that he had replaced the broken part of the engine. 3. When heated by sun, the rails become longer. 4. This engine radically differs both in construction and operation from the engine designed 5 years ago. 5. The Disneyland train called “the Excursion” was built especially to carry visitors through the Grand Canyon Diorama.
IX. Перепишите предложения. Задайте общие вопросы и специальные вопросы к подчеркнутым словам.
1. The load weighs a hundred kilograms. 2. The windows in this car are made of unbreakable glass. 3. Each passenger must fasten the belt when the plane takes off or lands. 4. The Japanese company developed the first pocket-size color TV set. 5. Many bridges cross the river Thames in London. 6. In summer we are planning to go on a cruise along the coast of the Black Sea. 7. The accident has happened due to careless driving.
X. Перепишите и переведите текст.
EXPERIMENTAL BRIDGE
A bridge is a structure built to cross some natural or artificial obstacles such as rivers, streets, railways and so on. First bridges had to be built out of the material close at hand*. In tropical jungles suspension bridges were made of long bamboo poles. In the places where there were many forests it was wood.
Simple suspension bridges were made by means of ropes and are still used in some countries. Two parallel ropes were suspended from rocks or trees on each bank of the river with a platform of woven mats laid across them. When the Spaniards reached South America, they found that the Incas** of Peru used suspension bridges made of 6 strong cables, four of which supported a platform and two cables served as handrails***.
In Middle Ages people constructed wooden beam type bridges. They were usually built on stone piers or wooden piles. Bridges of this type are still used in Japan and India.
With the beginning of railway construction in the 19th century there was a great demand for bridges and the railway companies had capital for building them. The first railway bridges were built of stone or brick. Later there appeared concrete and metal bridges. The first iron bridge crossed the river Severn in Great Britain.
Nowadays some people are experimenting with different unusual materials. One of them is paper. Nobody considers paper to be a very strong material. But paper-makers have another opinion. In order to prove it they built a paper bridge across a narrow canyon in Nevada. The bridge had a span of 32 ft. The designers calculated that it could safety span 80 ft. It took engineers only two months to design the bridge, to test and construct it.
For testing the engineers chose a truck which weighed 12,000 lb. This truck drove quite safely across the paper bridge. The engineers are sure that the bridge can take six times the truckload of 12,000 lb.
The bridge itself weighed 9,000 lb. So the structure was light enough to be laid into place by a helicopter.
Notes: *material close at hand – подручный материал
**Incas – Инки
***handrails – поручни
XI. Ответьте на общие вопросы в соответствии с содержанием текста.
1. Were the first bridges made of steel?
2. Did people construct wooden beam type bridges in Middle Ages?
3. Was there a great demand for railway bridges in the 19th century?
4. Are people experimenting with different unusual materials for constructing bridges?
5. Do paper-makers consider paper to be a strong material?
6. Was a paper bridge built across the river?
7. Is paper a widely used material for the bridge construction?
8. Did it take engineers only 2 years to construct the bridge made of paper?
9. Did engineers choose a train for testing the paper bridge?
10. Can a paper bridge be laid into place by a helicopter?
I. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление времён группы Continuous (Present, Past, Future) и группы Perfect (Present, Past, Future) в действительном и страдательном залогах. Выпишите сказуемые и укажите их видовременные формы.
1. The station master said that no trains had arrived at the station during the night because of the heavy snowstorm in the mountains. 2. The business day was in high gear: the mail was being looked through, the documents were being typed, letters were being answered, talks were being hold. 3. The reason for the freight train derailment has not been found yet. 4. The program of railway reforms is being implemented now in Russia. Under this program suburban and regional passenger services will be financed from local budgets. At the same time the government has promised to fund inter-city passenger service.
II. Перепишите и переведите предложения, поставив глагол в нужную форму.
1. When we (to come – Past Indefinite Active) to the railway station, all tickets (to sell out – Past Perfect Passive) already. 2. During the last 5 years traffic on Britain’s roads (to increase – Present Perfect Active) by 27 per cent. 3. Evidently the car (to travel – Past Continuous Active) at a high speed so at this steep turn the crash (to be – Past Indefinite Active) inevitable. 4. Computers (to use – Present Continuous Passive) more and more extensively in the world today. 5. Train fares (to increase – Present Perfect Passive) several times during the past year.
III. Перепишите и переведите предложения, выбрав правильную форму сказуемого (Active or Passive).
1. A two-speed escalator (has developed; has been developed) in this design bureau. 2. The wooden supports for rails (call; are called) the sleepers. 3. A new railway underground line (is constructing; is being constructed) in our city. One of Metro stations (will build; will be build) near my house. 4. Permanent way (consists; is consisted) of rails, sleepers and ballast. 5. The workers (were inspecting; were being inspected) carefully the carriages before the train departure.
IV. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление модальных глаголов. Подчеркните модальные глаголы в английских предложениях и в переводе.
1. If you are traveling by air, you mustn’t carry anything in your luggage that can be used as a weapon, such as a knife or a pair of scissors. 2. The driver of the vehicle may be fined by the police officer if he violates the traffic rules or drives under the influence of alcohol. 3. You should not ride a motorbike without a helmet. 4. We could hardly start the engine at –30° C. 5. What can you do while traveling by train? You can read a novel or do a crossword puzzle, you can just stare out of the window or talk to your fellow-traveler, you can sit back and listen to the clicking of the carriage over the rails.
V. Образуйте от данных глаголов две формы Participle I. Полученные причастия переведите на русский язык.
Model: to read – a) reading – читая, читающий;
b) having read – прочитав
1) to begin; 2) to heat; 3) to improve; 4) to fall; 5) to meet; 6) to suggest; 7) to run; 8) to calculate; 9) to write; 10) to weigh; 11) to link; 12) to implement; 13) to grow; 14) to choose; 15) to design.
VI. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление Participle I в функциях определения и обстоятельства. Подчеркните причастия I в английских предложениях и в переводе.
1. Having used alloys instead of steel the designers reduced the cost of the device. 2. Trains arrivals and departures are announced on a loudspeaker, it is very convenient for people meeting somebody or seeing somebody off. 3. Chinese Railways lifted the maximum speed of passenger services to 140 km/h on seven key routes radiating from Beijing (Пекин). 4. Driving a car in the rush hours, you must be very attentive because traffic is very heavy. 5. The first Metro trains were driven by steam locomotives which burnt coal, filling the tunnels with smoke.
VII. Образуйте Participle II oт глаголов, данных в скобках. Полученные словосочетания перепишите и переведите.
Model: a (to write) article – a written article – написанная статья.
1) an engine (to invent) by R. Diesel; 2) the (to approve) plan; 3) a bag (to leave) in the bus; 4) (to receive) information; 5) a new supercomputer (to develop) by Japanese engineers; 6) (to burn) gas; 7) the (to insure) car; 8) (to increase) volume of traffic; 9) a (to force) landing; 10) a (to work out) project.
VIII. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление Participle II в функциях определения и обстоятельства. Подчеркните причастия II в английских предложениях и в переводе.
1. The things left behind by passengers are usually taken to the Lost Property Office. 2. When upgraded, the railway bridge will be used for the movement of heavy freight trains. 3. The first Siemens’s electric loco built in 1879 was so small that the driver straddled it like a horse but it could haul a train with 30 passengers. 4. During the test run the steam locomotive produced by Peter Cooper raced against a coach pulled by a horse. 5. In some European countries tank wagons made of reinforced plastics are used for conveyance of wine and fruit juices.
IX. Перепишите предложения. Задайте общие вопросы и специальные вопросы к подчеркнутым словам.
1. The experiments were put off after the accident for an indefinite time. 2. Now all railways have a standard gauge. 3. The Railway International Journal publishes a lot of articles about the construction of high-speed railways all over the world. 4. We were waiting for the train arrival on the platform. 5. She left her driving license at home. 6. He has been offered ₤350 for his old car, but its price is much higher. 7. Passengers should be at the station at least thirty minutes before boarding the train if they need to buy tickets.
X. Перепишите и переведите текст.
UNDERGROUND RAILWAYS
The underground railway is the quickest, safest, most reliable and comfortable means of city’s transport. Metro can solve the problems of carrying a great number of passengers in large cities as well as the problems of traffic jams, air contamination and noise.