Учебно-методическое пособие Для студентов I курса, обучающихся по направлениям 521600 «Менеджмент» (бакалавр), 521600 «Экономика» (бакалавр) (стр. 2 из 9)
| REQUEST FOR PROMOTION 17.01.2011 Tom Wilson Electronics ltd. 12 South Street, Sheffield, UK 125367 Dear Mr. Wilson, As you know, I am very happy to work and contribute to Electronics ltd. under your authority. Allow me to mention an opportunity I see for greater profits. I'm confident that you will agree that my efforts as your salesman have been successful to the company; my sales in dollars for the past year were roughly $425,000, which far surpassed the $250,000 goal we anticipated at our year-end meeting twelve months ago. I would like you to know that I believe I can be of even more benefit to you and Electronics ltd. as your Sales Manager. Having had four years of experience in selling our computer software, I have gained a clear idea as to what our customers' needs are and how we can meet them. I know how we can increase sales dramatically and I can inspire our sales team to do precisely that. As your Sales Manager, I truly believe that we can achieve in excess of $10,000,000 in sales by the year 2012. I understand that you are a very busy person. I will thus be delighted to meet with you at any time you please to discuss my request. Cordially, Dave Watkins |
Unit 2
Part 1
Прочитайте и переведите текст.
2. Microeconomics
Microeconomics, like macroeconomics, is a fundamental method for analyzing the economy as a system. It treats households and firms interacting through individual markets as irreducible elements of the economy, given scarcity and government regulation. A market might be for a product, say fresh corn, or the services of a factor of production, say bricklaying. The theory considers aggregates of quantity demanded by buyers and quantity supplied by sellers at each possible price per unit. It combines these together to describe how the market may reach equilibrium as to price and quantity or respond to market changes over time.
Such analysis includes the theory of supply and demand. It also examines market structures, such as perfect competition and monopoly for implications as to behavior and economic efficiency. Analysis of change in a single market often proceeds from the simplifying assumption that relations in other markets remain unchanged, that is, partial-equilibrium analysis. General-equilibrium theory allows for changes in different markets and aggregates across all markets, including their movements and interactions toward equilibrium.
Here economists distinguish between Production theory, Opportunity cost, Economic efficiency, and Production-possibility frontier.
In microeconomics, production is the conversion of inputs into outputs. It is an economic process that uses inputs to create a commodity for exchange or direct use. Production is a flow and thus a rate of output per period of time. Distinctions include such production alternatives as for consumption (food, haircuts, etc.) vs. investment goods (new tractors, buildings, roads, etc.), public goods (national defense, small-pox vaccinations, etc.) or private goods (new computers, bananas, etc.), and "guns" vs. "butter".
Opportunity cost refers to the economic cost of production: the value of the next best opportunity foregone. Choices must be made between desirable yet mutually exclusive actions. It has been described as expressing "the basic relationship between scarcity and choice.". The opportunity cost of an activity is an element in ensuring that scarce resources are used efficiently, such that the cost is weighed against the value of that activity in deciding on more or less of it. Opportunity costs are not restricted to monetary or financial costs but could be measured by the real cost of output forgone, leisure, or anything else that provides the alternative benefit.
Inputs used in the production process include such primary factors of production as labour services, capital (durable produced goods used in production, such as an existing factory), and land (including natural resources). Other inputs may include intermediate goods used in production of final goods, such as the steel in a new car.
Economic efficiency describes how well a system generates desired output with a given set of inputs and available technology. Efficiency is improved if more output is generated without changing inputs, or in other words, the amount of "waste" is reduced. A widely-accepted general standard is Pareto efficiency, which is reached when no further change can make someone better off without making someone else worse off.
1. Соотнесите слова и их определения.
| 1. market | a. a situation in which there is not enough of something |
| 2. scarcity | b. the act of buying and using products |
| 3. goods | c. the process of making or growing things to be sold |
| 4. consumption | d. the place where people buy and sell goods |
| 5. production | e. things that are produced in order to be sold |
2. Переведите следующие слова и выражения на английский язык.
| 1. редкие ресурсы | 6. оптимальные издержки |
| 2. факторы производства | 7. государственное регулирование |
| 3. спрос и предложение | 8. совершенная конкуренция |
| 4. предел производственных возможностей | 9. экономическая эффективность |
| 5. равновесие | 10. вмененные потери |
3. Переведите следующие слова и выражения на русский язык.
| 1. production theory | 6. mutually exclusive actions |
| 2. inputs and outputs | 7. market changes |
| 3. goods and services | 8. real cost |
| 4. monopoly | 9. buyers and sellers |
| 5. market structure | 10. public goods |
4. Выберите правильный вариант ответа.
1. A fundamental method for analyzing the economy as a system is …….
a) government regulation b) microeconomics c) production theory
2. Labour services, capital and land are called ……..
a) production process b) costs c) factors of production
3. The market may reach ……….. when price and quantity balance.
a) equilibrium b) balance c) equation
4. ………. is the conversion of inputs into outputs.
a) distribution b) consumption c) production
5. …….. include new buildings, trucks, roads, etc.
a) investment goods b) public goods c) private goods
5. Ответьте на вопросы.
1. What is microeconomics?
2. What does economic efficiency describe?
3. What is production?
4. How can a market reach equilibrium?
5. What do factors of production include?
6. Выполните КОПР №2 «Группа времен Simple», подтема «Будущее простое время (Present Simple)».
Part 2
1. Прочитайте незнакомые слова перед прослушиванием текста.
queue – очередь
be under warranty – быть на гарантийном обслуживании
be at wit's end – быть в тупике
ultimate – последний, окончательный
2. Прослушайте текст «Computer Sales and Repairs» (для прослушивания кликните один раз на приведенную ниже ссылку, удерживая клавишу «Ctrl», после загрузки страницы нажмите на кнопку проигрывателя).
Ссылка для прослушивания: http://esl-lab.com/computer/computer-rd1.htm
3. Выберите правильный вариант ответа.
1. What is the man's main problem with his computer?
A. It crashes a lot
B. His computer has a virus
C. It has a lot of junk software
2. What is the issue with the computer warranty?
A. The warranty has expired since he bought the computer
B. The warranty isn't valid because didn't register the computer
C. The warranty doesn't cover software issues and problems
3. What can we infer from the first company's response to the caller?
A. They sent the man the wrong computer in the first place
B. The company doesn't provide warranties for their products
C. They are understaffed to handle customer complaints
4. Which of the following is a main selling point for the second company being advertised?
A. Their products are the newest on the market
B. The computers are cheaper than those sold by competitors
C. The company manufactures secure and trustworthy machines
5. What is the name of the second company?
A. Turbo Command
B. Turvo Computers
C. Turban Camando
4. Выразите свою точку зрения.
1. What everyday problems do people who work at finance departments of international companies have?
2. How often do you work on a computer? How does computer help you at your work / study?
3. What are some common computer problems that people encounter when running their machines, and what issues can cause them? When you encounter such problems, what do you do to resolve them: seek help from a friend, consult a computer store, or read a computer book or magazine?
При ответе используйте фразы:
| To my mind … | In my experience … |
| In my opinion … | As far as I understand … |
| On the one hand, …on the other hand | From my point of view … |
| If my memory serves me right … | If I am not mistaken … |
| It seems to me that … | Personally, I think … |
| My personal view is that … | I am sure/certain/convinced that … |
| The fact is that … | This proves that … |
| It is obvious that … | There is no doubt that … |
Part 3
Напишите письмо-приглашение используя нижеприведенные задания. Используйте раздел «Полезные фразы для написания письма» приведенный в конце пособия.
You are a Chief Executive Officer of Welldone Computer Corporation. On 12.06.2011 your company holds a business conference dedicated to the issues of Computer Technologies in Economics.
a) write an invitation letter to your partner Jack Halary who works for CompUtair ltd. as a Financial Director;
b) ask him to take part in the conference;
c) express your hope for the future cooperation.
Unit 3
Part 1
Прочитайте и переведите текст.
3. Supply and demand
The supply and demand model describes how prices vary as a result of a balance between product availability and demand. The graph depicts an increase (that is, right-shift) in demand from D1 to D2 along with the consequent increase in price and quantity required to reach a new equilibrium point on the supply curve (S).
Prices and quantities have been described as the most directly observable attributes of goods produced and exchanged in a market economy. The theory of supply and demand is an organizing principle for explaining how prices coordinate the amounts produced and consumed. In microeconomics, it applies to price and output determination for a market with perfect competition, which includes the condition of no buyers or sellers large enough to have price-setting power.
For a given market of a commodity, demand is the relation of the quantity that all buyers would be prepared to purchase at each unit price of the good. Demand is often represented by a table or a graph showing price and quantity demanded (as in the figure). Demand theory describes individual consumers as rationally choosing the most preferred quantity of each good, given income, prices, tastes, etc. A term for this is 'constrained utility maximization' (with income and wealth as the constraints on demand). Here, utility refers to the hypothesized relation of each individual consumer for ranking different commodity bundles as more or less preferred.
The law of demand states that, in general, price and quantity demanded in a given market are inversely related. That is, the higher the price of a product, the less of it people would be prepared to buy of it (other things unchanged). As the price of a commodity falls, consumers move toward it from relatively more expensive goods (the substitution effect). In addition, purchasing power from the price decline increases ability to buy (the income effect). Other factors can change demand; for example an increase in income will shift the demand curve for a normal good outward relative to the origin, as in the figure.
Supply is the relation between the price of a good and the quantity available for sale at that price. It may be represented as a table or graph relating price and quantity supplied. Producers, for example business firms, are hypothesized to be profit-maximizers, meaning that they attempt to produce and supply the amount of goods that will bring them the highest profit. Supply is typically represented as a directly-proportional relation between price and quantity supplied (other things unchanged). That is, the higher the price at which the good can be sold, the more of it producers will supply, as in the figure. The higher price makes it profitable to increase production. Just as on the demand side, the position of the supply can shift, say from a change in the price of a productive input or a technical improvement.
Market equilibrium occurs where quantity supplied equals quantity demanded, the intersection of the supply and demand curves in the figure above. At a price below equilibrium, there is a shortage of quantity supplied compared to quantity demanded. This is posited to bid the price up. At a price above equilibrium, there is a surplus of quantity supplied compared to quantity demanded. This pushes the price down. The model of supply and demand predicts that for given supply and demand curves, price and quantity will stabilize at the price that makes quantity supplied equal to quantity demanded. Similarly, demand-and-supply theory predicts a new price-quantity combination from a shift in demand (as to the figure), or in supply.
For a given quantity of a consumer good, the point on the demand curve indicates the value, or marginal utility, to consumers for that unit. It measures what the consumer would be prepared to pay for that unit. The corresponding point on the supply curve measures marginal cost, the increase in total cost to the supplier for the corresponding unit of the good. The price in equilibrium is determined by supply and demand. In a perfectly competitive market, supply and demand equate marginal cost and marginal utility at equilibrium.
Other applications of demand and supply include the distribution of income among the factors of production, including labour and capital, through factor markets. In a competitive labour market for example the quantity of labour employed and the price of labour (the wage rate) depends on the demand for labour (from employers for production) and supply of labour (from potential workers).
1. Соотнесите слова и их определения.
| 1. producer | a. the idea that the price of goods and services depends on how much of something is being sold and how many people want to buy it |
| 2. surplus | b. the usefulness of something |
| 3. supply and demand | c. more than is needed |
| 4. labour | d. a company, country or person that makes goods |
| 5. utility | e. practical work, especially that which involves physical effort |
2. Переведите следующие слова и выражения на английский язык.