1) The students have three lectures today, the last one being on economics.
2) New technological processes having been developed, new types of equipment have been installed in the shop.
3) Having looked through all the documents and letters received that day he went home.
3. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод условных предложений (см. образец выполнения 3).
1) He would be asked if he were at the lecture.
2) If the speed of the body were 16 km per second, it would leave the solar system.
3) If I had seen him yesterday I should have tell him about the meeting.
4. Прочитайте и устно переведите с 1-го по 5-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2, 3, 4-й абзацы.
Atomic Power for Rockets
1. The heart of a nuclear-rocket engine, of course, is the reactor that converts nuclear energy into heat.
2. The fuel of the reactor consists of a special kind of «isotope» of Uranium-235. When properly bombarded with neutrons the uranium nuclei break up or «fission» into a pair of fragments and emit more neutrons in the process, thus keeping the reactions going.
3. The fission process releases energy and the excess energy is carried away by the neutrons and by gamma rays. Since all of the fragments and most of the neutrons and gamma rays are stopped within the reactor, the energy that is released by U-235 fission will heat the reactor.
4. For making a nuclear-rocket engine thermally efficient the reactor’s temperature must be as high as possible. The melting point of uranium, 2,070 degrees F, sets a theoretical limit. Graphite, which withstands much higher temperatures, is a very good material for the reactor’s «moderator». So all present experimental reactors for nuclear-rocket engines are made of U-235 metal powder placed in graphite.
5. A cold gas, hydrogen, enters several hundred narrow passages drilled through the graphite - uranium reactor core and is heated almost to the white-hot operating temperature. On coming from the passages, the hot gas expands through a nozzle in which it attains supersonic speed. The exhaust speed of the nuclear-rocket engine can probably reach 23.000 to 30.000 feet per second, which is twice as much as from a rocket engine using chemical combustion of hydrogen and oxyden.
Вариант 3
1. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Помните, что объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям (см. образец выполнения 1)
1) We supposed them to have finished their work.
2) The two countries are expected to discuss measures to eliminate double taxation.
3) Television is said to have both advantages and disadvantages.
4) This is the subject to be discussed at the next meeting.
2. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод зависимого и независимого (самостоятельного) причастных оборотов (см. образец выполнения 2).
1) The night being dark, the victim could not notice whether the robber was armed.
2) Mendeleyev discovered the Periodic law of elements, the table bearing his name.
3) Having refused to unload American ships the French dockers lost their job.
3. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие сложные предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод условных предложений (см. образец выполнения 3).
1) If he were at the Institute now, he would help us to translate the article.
2) He demanded that the car should be repaired by tomorrow.
3) If it had not been so cold, I should have gone to the country.
4. Прочитайте и устно переведите с 1-го по 5-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2, 3, 4 абзацы текста.
Powder Metallurgy Looks Towards the Future
1. Developments and advances in powder metallurgy, a technology created some 50 years ago, can save manufacturing industry great amounts of valuable materials. Powder metallurgy is a cheap alternative to many conventional manufacturing processes.
2. When components, simple or complex, require precision and high quality at a comparatively low cost – powder metallurgy can provide the solution of the problem. An important feature of powder metallurgy is that it can provide the industry with such material compositions which are not achievable by any other means.
3. Components produced by the powder metallurgy process can go straight into the manufacturing cycle or, if required, undergo further processing, including heat treatment. Powder metallurgy is finding new applications in various industries - in electronics, aviation, machine-building, etc.
4. The unique physical properties of powder metallurgy parts enable oil to be retained in minute porous cavities1 within the part. This self-lubricating characteristic 2 is long lasting and can eliminate other lubrication systems.
5. The Byelorussian research and production association for powder has developed a number of processes for powder metallurgy components production. The source material there is metal powder which is subjected to high pressure to acquire a required shape and is then put to thermo-electric furnaces. The resultant parts are more durable and require no additional machining.
Пояснения к тексту:
1. minute porous cavities – крошечные пористые пустоты
2. self-lubricating characteristic – свойство, обеспечивающее самосмазывание деталей
Вариант 4
1. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Помните, что объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям (см. образец выполнения 1).
1) He wanted us to visit the art exhibition.
2) High export tariffs are considered to hurt the economy.
3) This machinery is supposed to be installed here next month.
4) The device to be tested will arrive here tomorrow.
2. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод зависимого и независимого (самостоятельного) причастных оборотов (см. образец выполнения 2).
1) The teacher having asked many questions, the student had to spend much time to answer them.
2) The talks between two countries were conducted behind the closed doors, measures having been taken that no correspondent should receive any information.
3) Having finished the experiment they discussed the results.
3. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие сложные предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод условных предложений (см. образец выполнения 3).
1) It is necessary that the car should be repaired by tomorrow.
2) If you apply this method of calculation you will get good results.
3) If the air were only composed of nitrogen burning would be impossible.
4. Прочитайте и устно переведите с 1-го по 5-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2, 3, 4-й абзацы текста.
Transmitting Pictures by Telephone
1. Pictures can now be sent over the telephone by sound signals. A new machine does this by looking at a picture and telling what it sees over the telephone to a similar machine at the receiving end, which then translates the sound signals it hears back into the form of a picture.
2. At the sending end, the photograph, drawing business form or document is placed in the machine. At the receiving end, the reproduction appears on ordinary paper. An illustration of ordinary letter size takes six minutes to be received and reproduced.
3. This is how the machine works. Inside the machine optical devices rotate and pick up reflected light which is focused on and passed through a filter to a photocell or «electronic eye». The photocell generates a signal which is amplified to produce voltages of varying strength.
4. The voltages are converted into sound, and it is this audible signal which is transmitted over the telephone, just as music or voice transmitted.
5. At the receiving telephone, the sound is reconverted to an electronic signal and then into a varying voltage. This voltage is applied to a drive mechanism. The mechanism is activated to extend and print out a corresponding dark area of the transmitting picture. The length of the document determines the time needed for transmission.
Вариант 5
1. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Помните, что объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям (см. образец выполнения 1).
1) The teacher does not consider him to be a good student.
2) Steel production is expected to rise this year.
3) Plastics are supposed to be used instead of metals in many cases.
4) They will need much concrete to be used for soil stabilization.
2. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод зависимого и независимого (самостоятельного) причастных оборотов (см. образец выполнения 2).
1) Weather permitting, the plane will leave early in the morning.
2) He works hard to pass his entrance examinations, his sister doing her best to help him.
3) Having offered them to work abroad he himself refused.
3. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод условных предложений (см. образец выполнения 3).
1) If I came earlier I should speak to him.
2) If he had seen you here he would be surprised.
3) If he had taken a taxi, he would have come in time.
4. Прочитайте и устно переведите с 1-го по 5-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2, 3, 4-й абзацы.
The Atom Structure
1. Our atomic age is more than 2000 years old. More than 2000 years ago Greek philosophers discussed the structure of the atom. One of the philosophers, Democritus, suggested that all matter consisted of particles which are invisible and indivisible. The Greeks called this particle the ‘atom.’
2. The idea of atomic structure of matter was later almost forgotten and came to life again at the beginning of the 19-th century when the English scientist, John Dalton, introduced into science the idea of the elements, the basic building particles of matter.
3. Then, after many years of careful research, the discovery of the electron, a part of an atom, was announced. The discovery of the electron was only the first step in the exploration of inner world of the atom. Since it was known that the atom was electrically neutral the physicists now began to search for the positive particles which could balance out the negative charge of the electron.
4. In 1911 another English scientist, Ernest Rutherford, discovered that the atom had a core, or nucleus, in its centre, and that the nucleus was positively charged and contained nearly all the weight of the atom. He showed that the positive charge of the nucleus was caused by particles called «protons».
5. In 1932 the third basic atomic particle, neutron, was discovered. The weights of the parts of the atom were calculated very carefully and it was found that the proton and neutron have almost the same weight, but they are much greater in mass than the electron.
Раздел IV
Грамматические пояснения
к контрольным заданиям
Пояснение к контрольному заданию 1
1. Простое распространенное предложение.
В повествовательном предложении (утвердительной и отрицательной формах) - прямой порядок слов.
(обстоятельство) + подлежащее + сказуемое + дополнение + (обстоятельство)
2. Определение.
Обстоятельство может стоять перед подлежащим или в конце предложения.
Определение не имеет фиксированного положения.
1. Mr. Hall delivers lectures to the students at the college.
Мистер Холл читает студентам лекции в колледже.
В вопросительном предложении обратный порядок слов.
| Смысловой | Подлежащее | Именная часть сказуемого или смысловой | Остальные члены |
Do you like your job?
Вам нравится ваша работа?
3. On what days does Mr. Hall deliver lectures?
По каким дням мистер Холл читает лекции?
Исключения: при вопросе к подлежащему или его определению – прямой порядок слов.
4. Who delivers lectures at the college?
Кто читает студентам лекции в колледже?
2. Оборот there + be – быть, находиться, существовать.
Правило перевода:
а) если в предложении с оборотом there+be есть обстоятельства, перевод начинается с этого оборота.
5. There are many new industries in New-York.
В Нью-Йорке много новых видов промышленности.
б) при отсутствии обстоятельства перевод начинается с самого оборота, т.е. с глагола.
There are different kinds of museums.
Есть (существуют) различные виды музеев.
3. Множественное число имен существительных образуется путем прибавления окончания -s или - es
a lecture лекция
lectures лекции
Исключения (мн.ч. образуется путем изменения корневой гласной):
a man – человек, мужчина men – люди, мужчины
a woman – женщина women – женщины
a foot – фут feet – футы
4. Грамматические функции окончания -s в предложении
а) показатель 3 л. ед. ч. в Present Simple
б) показатель мн. ч. имени существительного
He works only five days a week.
Он работает только пять дней в неделю.
works глагол – сказуемое в 3 л. ед. ч.
days мн. число имени существительного
в) окончание притяжательного падежа имени существительного в ед. и мн. числе.