By function we mean the syntectical properties of a certain class of words, what part it plays in the sentence.
The noun is usually preceded by adjective, prepositions, pronouns, articles and is followed by the verb. We call it combinability.The most convenient for us is the classification of part of speech, proposed by Khaimovich and Rogovskaya. According to them, we single out a certain class of words. We must take into consideration the following principles of this classification : Its lexical-grammatical meaning.
Its morphological features :
its form-building
its word-building
Combinability.
Its function in the sentence.
In accordance with these principles, the following parts of speech are distinguished in Modern English:
1). Nouns; 2). Adjectives; 3). Pronouns; 4). Numerals; 5). Verbs; 6). Adverbs; 7). Adlinks(the category of state); 8). Modal words(perhaps, of course, certainly, evidently, etc.); 9). Prepositions; 10). Conjunctions; 11). Particles;
12). Interjections; 13). Articles; 14). Response words.
3. Charles Fries was a representative of the American Descriptive school. He applied only 1 principle in delimiting parts of speech - the principle of function. His classes of words can be hardly called parts of speech. He calls them "positional classes" that are established by the methods of distribution & substitution. His principle is synthetical. According to him, the speaker gets sygnals of common classes of word from the position, the word occupies in the sentence. The meaning of the word being unnecessary.
E.g.: Woggles ugged diggles.
The sygnals of structural meaning( thingness or action) are called by Fries "Formal classes". He doesn't deny the term "parts of speech". Further, he establishes the words, that are characterized by a similar set of positions, which enables him to refer certain words to this or that common class. For this purpose, he takes the minimal utterance( or frames).
Class 1 Cl. 3
Frame A: The concert was good.
Cl.2
Frame B: The cleark remembered the text.
Cl.4
Frame C: The team went there.
So, he established 4 classes of notional words & 15 classes of functional ones. He considered his classification to highly objective, because it is structural. Later оп - 64 classes of functional words He himself calls the classes - "positional classes of words". Parts of speech are subdivided further, they're objective to sub-catigo-rization. Nouns: common & proper; countable & uncountable; abstract nouns... Verbs: notional & functional;...
LECTURE 7.