In LDELC they use the label
taboo to denote such a group of words to show limitations on use.
sl -this label denotes a group of words inventive & often colourful items generally used in a very informal spoken context. Such an item usually belongs to or originate in the language of a particular social or occupation group (e.g. soldiers, nurses, prisoner s).
In LDELC this label has practically the same meaning but is found in the other group of labels which deals with the situations and often this label is used with the label tabooinfml - denotes informal words &meanings,i.e.thoseindicating a close personal relationship & an unofficial occasion or getting
fml - denotes formal words & meanings , i.e. those chosen when speaking or writing in a seriousor an official context to someone who is not a close friend or relation. These labels are grouped together with the label sl in LDELC.
rhet - rhetorical items are associated with writing or speech on seri ous or elevated themes, especially on very formal occasions. the use of such words elsewhere suggests a self-consciously pompous speaker or writer.
There is no such a label in LDELC, but this very label juxtapose with the label rhetin LERD & ERD. Thus we may infer that this group of labels denote the words belonging to practically all the layers of the word-stock of the English Language.(Appendix IV,VI).
4. Evaluation, labels denoting a particular attitude towards the person, thing or action referred to.
derog- that one desapprovse of or scorns the person or thing referred to or described by those.
approv - the opposite of derogatory ones, they suggest approval of or admiration for the thing or person referred to or described.
offensive - words to address or refer to people usually with the delibarate intention of their race or religion
euph - to refer to something unpleasant or painful in a pleasant (because more indirect) way.
In LDELC the label derog is opposed to the label apprec & there is no such a label as approv. The label offensive is not presented in this dictionary.
iron- the label denotes words that are intended to convey a sense opposite to the apparent sense.
fig - a figurative sense of a word is a non -literal (often metaforical) sense which can be related by native speakers to an original in the past, but it is no longer perceived, the label is not u sed.
The label iron is not given in LDELC, the label fig though represented in this dictionary, is not considered as the stylistical one.
joc - label, denoting words which are considered to be funny, whethergrim or innocent humor is meant. This label is close to humor LDELC though they are still different,
sexsist - label denotes words that express (sometimes uncontious) discriminatory or patronizing attitude towards someone of the opposite sex. They are almost always words used by men about or to women & can be used to express approval in a man-to-man context
5. Technical fields - words & meanings which are normaly confined to technical use botany
chemistry
architecture
law physics
medical art
anat my cinema or TV
grammar computing
music
The terms covering the technical fields are more wildely represented in OALED than in LDELC. InLDELC we find the labels law,med,naut, tech, denoting the technical fields & belonging to the group, which shows special fields or subjects. The label tech covers all the labels which are not represented in LDELC, but are widly used in OALED.
If the classifications of labels in LDELC &OALED are close to each other somehow, we can't say the same ofWNCD. This Dictionary differentiate three types of status labels. They are temporal, regional & stylistic. The stylistic labels are con sidered here as a signal that a word or a sense of a word is not part of the standard vocabulary of English .(Appendix III)
obs - for obsolete - means that there i s no evidence of use since 1755.
archaic - means that a word or sense once in common use is found today only sporadically or in special contexts. The label obs is not used neither in LDELC nor in OALED.
2. Regional labels denote words which are limited in use to a specif ic region of the US. The labels here correspond loosely to one of the areas defined in Hans Kurath's Word Geography of the Ea stern United States. The adverb chiefly presents a label when the word has some currency outside the specified region & a double label is used to indicate considerable currency in each of two specific regions.
NewEng South chiefly North Southwest West Midland Northaest.
Words current in all regions of the US have no labels.
A word or meaning limited in use to one of the other countries of the English -speaking world has an appropriate regional label. It is explained by the fact that the Dictionary is based mainly on American English.
chiefly Scot Irish Austr SoAfr Brit Canad.
dial - this label belongs to this very group & indicates that the pattern of use of a word or a meaning is too complex for summary labeling, it usually includes several regional varieties of American English o r of American & British English.
dial Brit - indicates currency in several dialects of the British commonwealth; it indicates currency in one or more provincial dialects of England.
3. Stylistic labels
sl. - is used with words or meanings that are especially appropriate in contexts of extreme informality, that usually have a currency not limited to a particular region or area of interest, & that are composed typically of shortened forms or extravagant or facetious figures of speech.
non-standard - is used for a few words or meanings that are dissaproved by many but that have some currency in reputable contexts.
substandard — is used for those words or meanings that conform to a widespread pattern of usage that differs in choice of word or form f rom that of the prestige group of the community,
These labels given in WNCD differentiate two main groups of the word -stock of the English Language (which were considered above). But they don't point out all the peculiarities of the word, its stylistical overtones.
-the specific application of a word or meaninga criptology, a timepiece
- denoting terms (technical field) usage, which is introdused by a lightface dash
used as a direction inmusic
usu considered vulgar
usu used disparagingly
-some usages are used in def initions.
used as a Brit,
title used esp. to express sudden pain.
Thus as we may see the WNCD'S treatment of stylistical notations is rather peculiar. Instead of the labels, accepted for example in LDELC & OALED, explanaitory phrases or guides are used.
And though nonstandard & substandard labels include precticaly all the layers of the English Language, they don't cover all the stylistic peculiarities that may have a word or a meaning.
Different approaches to stylistic notations influences a great deal the understanding the exact information that this or that word carries.
The comparative analyses shows that differen t dictionaries give different labels (in some cases) to one & the same word.
prick - in LDELC this word is given as taboo, in OALED as !sl, in WNCD as usu. considered vulgar, LE _RD as груб. , in ERD as груб.
the weaker sex in LDELC it has the label pomp., in OALED - dated sexiest & in the other dictionaries this word -group is not marked at all
In this case we may deal with the facts of new tendencies which are not registered yet in the older editions of the dictionaries.
lovely is a very interesting case -in LDELC it is marked infml.,becoming rare, in OALED - infml sexist , in WNCD it is not marked at all, in LERD it ha s the label амер., & in the others it is not marked either.
nick-BrE infml, - LDELC
BrE sl - OALED жарг - LERD разг . -ERD
In this case it is difficult even to identify to which layer of the English Language this word belongs & in which situations it is preferred. For the other examples see the Application VI.
We may make the conclusion that it would be better if al the dictionaries agreed to one and the same system of stylistic notations for the purpose not to mislead the users in a proper choice of the word More over , to our mind , the classification suggested by Galperin could be taken or considered the bases of the system of stylistic notations.
The word can have different stylistic characteristics ranging from regional usage to the personal attitude of the user. That is why it is natural to suppose that there is a great number of words which have more that one stylistic notations.
It was interesting to analyse different types of labels & their combinations used in LDELC. As it turned out a word may have up to five stylistic characterizations that are reflected in the notations. E.g.
bum(2)AmE & AustrEderog sl This word has four indexes shown by mean s of the styli stic notations,
buster sl, esp.AmE.oflen derog There are five indexes of the styli stic notation in this word.
amniocentesismed — only one index.
Here we deal with the words, which can be used in different regions, can belong to different layers of the word- stock & have different stylistic colours expressing the attitude. Some of the word's characteristics suggest choice of usage.
Taking into consideration all these facts all the labels & their combination s used in LDELC were classified as follows:
1 . Labels of sementico-functional indication.
2. Label s of quantitative indication of indexes in one notation.
All the labels in LDELC we may devide into four stylistical groups (Appendix VIII):
2. Stylistico-functional labels
3. Stylistico-sementical labels
4. Stylistico-sementico-functional labels
Stylistical labels include all the labels denoting words which are limited to particular parts of the world or area, as the regional indication is one of the microcomponents of the stylistic component of the word & purely shows that the word is stylistically marked:carrfge dock BrE
aficinadoSp
bratwurst Germ