The simple average of all existing EU tariffs on goods was 7 percent in 1999. They are not very high, but protection is much higher for goods that Ukraine would like to export. Besides, if other costs in the CIS countries are similar to CEE countries, even small barriers can rule out imports from the CIS countries. The CIS countries generally have a cost advantage compared to the CEE countries through lower wages, but this is counteracted by higher transportation and other costs.
EU trade policy is more restrictive than simple average tariffs indicate, especially for the sensitive products, agriculture, steel, textiles, clothes and chemicals. Non-tariff barriers include variable levies in agriculture, voluntary export restraints in industrial sectors (notably in textiles and clothing), quotas on imports from centrally planned economies (to which the EU counts Ukraine) and antidumping measures. The peaks of overall protection are very high. The maximum tariffs exceed prohibitive 200 percent for certain agricultural goods. Also these EU measures are persistently milder for CEE countries than CIS countries. For instance, the number of antidumping cases that the EU instigated against the CEE countries from 1990-99 was 42, admittedly almost equal to the 41 initiated against the CIS countries, but the duties imposed against the CIS countries were about twice as high as those levied on the CEE countries .
EU agriculture is particularly well protected. The simple average tariff is estimated at 17.3 percent (WTO 2000, p. xix), but the actual protection is often prohibitive for the CIS countries because of variable levies and technical standards. In addition, the EU is reluctant to give any preferences for farm goods from temperate countries and food products, that Ukraine produces and would like to export (Messerlin 2001, p. 28). EU minimal market access commitments in cereals under the Uruguay round prompted bilateral agreements on a duty-free quota of 300,000 tons of wheat essentially from the CEE, while the major grain producers in the CIS, not being members of the WTO, were left without access. The CEE countries are allowed to export meat, fruit and vegetables to the EU, and the EU has reciprocal protection through bilateral agreements with Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania, the main wine producers in CEE (WTO 2000, pp. 87, 91). As a result, EU imports of agricultural goods from the twelve CIS countries decline from1.5 billion euro in 1995 to 1.3 billion euro in 1998, while EU imports from the 13 EU candidate members were three times larger and rose somewhat, according to the EU Trade Directorate.
The maincomponentsofforeign economic strategyof Ukraine -isapowerfulexportsector, the nationalcurrency;attracting foreign investmentthrough the establishmentof joint business, liberalization ofimports, aforeignbusiness;buildingan extensivesystem offoreign trademanagement, flexibletax, price, deposit, credit, financial andmonetarypolicies, the gradualintegration ofthe economyinthe Europeanand worldbusinessassociationsand organizations;staffingdepartment.
Ukraine independently form a system and structure of state regulation of foreign economic activity on its territory. State regulation of foreign economic activity should protect the economic interests of Ukraine and the legitimate interests of foreign economic activity, creating equal opportunities for foreign economic entities with the aim of developing all types of business, regardless of ownership, use, income and investment, competition and Elimination of monopolies.
One form of state regulation of foreign economic activity is to establish the regime for currency transactions in Ukraine. Another form is a customs regulation of foreign economic activity. Licensing and quotas for exports and imports as a form of state regulation of foreign economic activity of Ukraine establishes itself in the cases stipulated by the Law of Ukraine "On Foreign Economic Activities".
Raw-material orientation of Ukrainian exports shows atrophy of the processing industry. Domestic manufacturers have limited opportunities to purchase the necessary raw materials and manufacture relevant products due to low pay. Lacking in domestic market demand, raw material goes abroad for the manufacture of its products that are returned to the markets of Ukraine, displacing domestic producers.
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