hype
I
imitate (v) to copy; me-too products imitate their competitors impact (n) strong effect; the ad had tremendous impact
impulse (n) sudden decision; if we want to reach the impulse buyers we
need good point-of-sale promotion incentive (n) something which motivates; we need to offer incentives to
people joining the company income (n) money received through operations or investment earned income (n) money earned through work unearned income (n) money received from investments
incorporate 1. (v) to include as part of the whole; profits from the subsidiaries have been incorporated 2. to register a company (US); an incorporated company increment (n) regular increase; I am due for an annual increment on my
salary incremental (adj) rising automatically in stages; an incremental cost incur (v) to be liable for, to have to pay; we have incurred heavy debts indebted (adj) owing money; we are indebted to a financing house indent (v) to start a line of type several spaces in from the left-hand
margin index (n) a statistical figure showing relative increase or decrease index-linked (adj) which is increased according to the retail price index;
an index-linked pension retail price index (n) an indicator of the rate of inflation
indicator (n) something which is significant; a key indicator is the
inflation rate inflate (v) to increase
inflate the economy (v) to activate the economy by increasing the
money supply
inflation (n) state of rising prices
inflation accounting (n) allowing in accounts for the changing value of
money inflationary (adj) resulting in an increase in inflation; these wage
demands will be inflationary informant (n) person who answers questions in a market survey inhouse (adj) within a company; all our advertising is done inhouse insider dealing (n) illegal use of inside information to buy and sell
shares (often before a takeover deal) insert (n) something which is put inside something else; the brochure
included a price insert insolvent (adj) not able to pay debts; the company will soon be insolvent;
insolvency (n) intangible (adj) which cannot be seen or touched; goodwill is an intangible asset interest (n) a percentage of the capital paid by a borrower to a lender;
interest rate (n) interim (n) half or part of the total period; the interim report (6-monthly) introduce (v) to bring a product onto the market; to launch a new product introductory offer a special low price to introduce a new product inventory (n) stock; wе need to reduce our inventory
invest (v) to put money into a bank, building society, shares or other
project in order to earn interest/increase in value investment (n) money put into a bank or project etc. with the intention
that it should increase in value investor (n) person who invests safe investment (n) a non-risky investment
invisible (adj) cannot be seen; tourist economies have high invisible earnings invoice 1. (n) a note requesting payment 2. (v) to send an invoice to
someone irrevocable (adj) cannot be changed; an irrevocable letter of credit
cannot be cancelled issue (n) giving out shares
issued capital (n) amount of capital held by shareholders
rights issue (n) giving shareholders the right to buy new shares at a
lower price scrip issue (n) free shares to shareholders
item (n) entry m accounts; there’s a new item on the balance sheet itinerary (n) places to be visited on a journey; his itinerary took him all
over the world
J
jingle (n) a catchy tune used in advertising
jobber (n) person who buys and sells shares from other traders on Stock
Exchange; jobbing (v) joint (adj) combined, shared between two parties joint bank account (n) bank account of two people
joint stock company (n) public company with shares owned by many
people journal (n) a professional publication junk bonds (n) bonds raised as debentures against the security of a
company about to be taken over junk mail (n) direct mail advertising which is unrequested and usually
unwanted
K
key (adj) important, main; this client is a key account knock (v) to criticise; knocking other people’s products is never a good
way to sell your own knockdown (adj) very low; these knockdown prices are unbeatable
know-how (n) knowledge about how something works
L
label (n) a small piece of card or material attached to product to show
name, price, etc.
laggards (n) category of customers in product life cycle who are very
slow to buy lame duck (n) company that needs financial support latent (adj) dormant, hidden, waiting to appear; latent demand lateral (adj) to the side; lateral diversification
launch 1 (v) to introduce a new product on the market 2. (n) introduction
of new product; launch was very successful layout (n) arrangement of text and illustrations on the page leaflet (n) small sheet of printed paper used to advertise
lease (n) contract for renting property or equipment for a period of time lease back (v) to sell property or machinery and then take it back on a
lease lessee (n) person who pays for a lease lessor (n) person who receives money for a lease ledger (n) book in which accounts are written
nominal ledger (n) record of a company’s income and expenditure by
named accounts, departments purchase ledge (n) record of expenditure sales ledger (n) record of sales
lend (v) to allow somebody to use your property lender (n) person who lends money lending (n) allowing someone to borrow money
letterhead (n) name and address of a company printed on correspondence paper leverage (n) ratio between capital borrowed and value of shares leveraged buyout (n) buying all the shares in a company using the value
of the shares as security levy 1. (n) money collected by the authorities; there is an import levy on
all non-EC produce 2. (v) to demand payment of taxes and dues liability (n) legal obligation; our liability is limited
liabilities (n) debts of a business current liabilities (n) short-term debts
licence (n) (US: license) official document which gives permission; you
need an import licence licence (v) to give permission
licensee (n) person who is given permission licensor (n) person who gives permission life cycle ( n) concept of showing the different stages in a product’s life;
growth is the first stage in the cycle LIFO last in first out (inventory system)
lineage (n) way of measuring cost of classified ads by number of lines liquid (adj) easy to realise; liquid assets
liquidity (n) having assets which can be converted into cash liquidity ratio (n) the ratio of current assets to current liabilities liquidate (v) to close a company and sell its assets
liquidation (n) process of closing a company; the business went into
liquidation liquidator (n) person who supervises the liquidation of a company listed (adj) registered; shares can be bought in listed companies listing (n) official list of companies whose shares can be bought or sold
on the Stock Exchange
livery (n) a company’s own design used on vehicles, buildings, uniforms loan 1. (n) money which has been lent; loan capital must be repaid at a
later date 2.(v) to lend logo (n) design or group of letters used by a company as a distinguishing mark lose (v) to not make a profit; we are losing money loss (n) we suffered a loss
loyalty (n) sense of belonging and trusting; customer loyalty lump sum (n) money paid in one single amount; you can pay in one
lump sum or by instalments
M
major (adj) important; the major shareholder has 35 per cent of the
shares majority shareholding (n) more than 50 per cent of the shares mailshot (n) sending of one campaign of; direct mailing make (n) brand or type of product
manage (v) to control and be in charge of, to manage a sales office management (n) controlling and running a business or part of business;
management by objectives managerial (adj) referring to managers; at a managerial level management accounts (n) financial information (sales, costs, profits,
cash flow, etc) prepared for managers manufacture (v) to make a product using machines manufacturer (n) company which makes products
manufacturing (n) process of producing; manufacturing industry
margin (n) difference between income and costs
gross margin (n) percentage difference between unit manufacturing cost and manufacturer’s price marginal tax (n) percentage of tax paid at top rate
net margin (n) percentage difference between all costs and manufacturer’s price market (n) place where products and services can be bought and sold capital market (n) place where companies can look for investment capital down-market (adj/adv) cheap end of the market
market leader (n) dominant company or product in the market market-maker (n) a broker-dealer who buys and sells securities and thus
make a market for them market niche (n) small part of specialised market market penetration (n) amount a product sells in a market market segmentation (n) division of the market into consumer groups market share (n) percentage of a total market which one company or
product holds market survey (n) an investigation into a market
mass-marketing (n) marketing aimed at a large undifferentiated
customer group money market (n) place where money is traded up-market (adj/adv) luxury end of the market
mark up (v) to add an amount to the cost price to reach the sale price mark-up (n) amount added to the cost price to reach the sail price; the
retailer’s mark-up mature (adj) fully developed; mature stage in a product life cycle media (n) means of communicating a message
mass media (n) means of communicating to general public, e.g. TV,
radio newspapers media buyer (n) person who places advertisements on TV, radio and in
newspapers media coverage (n) reports about an event in the media; we need good
media coverage for the launch of this product media planning (n) decisions about which type and how much maximise (v) to make as large as possible; we must maximise profits measure (n) action, step; we are going to take measures to reduce costs merchant bank (n) financial institutions which carry out a range of
services (historically not clearing banks) merchandising (n) managing the display and promotion of goods in shops merge (v) to join together; the company merged with another European
company; merger (n) middleman (n) person/company who acts as an intermediate step
between manufacturer and customer; a wholesaler is a middleman milk (v) to make as much profit as possible; we should milk the product at this stage in its life
minimise (v) to make something as small as possible; we need to
minimise costs mission (n) long-term objectives and philosophy of a company; mission
statement mix (n) combination of different things; the marketing mix consists of
many elements such as price, promotion, product, etc monetary (adj) referring to money; monetary policy was popular in the
eighties monetarism (n) economic theory that inflation can be controlled by
regulating the money supply monetarist (n) person who supports the theory of monetarism monopoly (n) a market situation where one company is the only supplier
of a product or service mortgage 1. (n) contract for buying a property using the property as security for a long-term loan 2. (v) to obtain a loan with a property as security; the house is mortgaged
MRP manufacturer’s recommended price
N
negotiable (adj) can be negotiated, subject to agreement; a negotiable bill
can be freely transferred net (adj) after all deductions have been made; net margin; net profit network (n) system which links different parts together, a distribution
network niche (n) small segment of specialised market
nominal (adj) as registered, as indicated; the nominal value of the shares
is much lower than the current market rate
O
observation method (n) market research method based on watching
consumers obsolescent (adj) going out of date because of advances in technology or
changes in taste obsolete (adj) no longer used; the product is now obsolete
off-balance sheet (n) where an asset is acquired by leasing and not
subject to depreciation off-season (adj) in the cheap, less busy season operate (v) to run or work a machine/business
operational (adj) working, running; the operational costs are too high opportunity (n) chance to do something; there are opportunities and
threats in this market option (n) the possibility, opportunity; we have the first option to buy the
property share option (n) right to buy/sell shares at a certain price on a future date outgoings (n) money which is paid out, expenditure
outlay (n) expenditure; the capital outlay exceeds our borrowing facility organise (v) to plan and operate something so that it works efficiently organisation chart (n) diagram of position of people in a company orientation (n) direction or main area of interest; market-oriented
company
outdoor advertising (n) advertising in the open air
option (n) the possibility, opportunity; we have the first option to buy the
property share option (n) right to buy/sell shares at a certain price on a future date outlet (n) a place where something can be sold; a retail outlet outgoings (n) money which is paid out, expenditure
outlay (n) expenditure; the capital outlay exceeds our borrowing facility own-label (adj) term used to describe goods specially produced for a retailer outright (adj) complete; outright purchase
outstanding (adj) not yet paid; What is the amount outstanding on this
account?
overdraft (n) amount of money which a person/company withdraws
from a bank account and which is more than is in the account overdraft facility (n) arrangement with a bank for an overdraft to a certain limit; our overdraft facility is £50,000 overdraw (v) to take out more money from a bank account than is in the
account over-extend (v) to borrow more than you can pay back; we have over-
extended ourselves overhead (ad)) day-to-day running and administrative; our overhead
costs have increased overheads (n) (US: overhead) non-attributable, running costs over-the-counter (n) refers to unlisted stocks and shares
owe (v) to have to pay money ; they owe the bank £25,000
P
package (n) a quantity of goods wrapped and sent by mail packaging (n) material used to wrap goods for display or for mailing page (n) one side of a sheet of printed page
full-page advertisement (n) advertisement taking up a full page half-page advertisement (n) advertisement taking up half a page pamphlet (n) small booklet of advertising information par (adj) equal, standard
par value (n) the printed value on a share certificate
above/below par (n) market price above/below par value of a share parcel (n) quantity (usually small) of goods wrapped and sent by mail parent company (n) company which owns more than 50 per cent of the shares of another company
parity (n) exchange rate/equal value; the French franc and the Swedish
Kroner reached parity partnership (n) unregistered business where two or more people share
risks and profits patent (n) official registration of a new invention patented (adj) protected by a patent
pay 1. (n) money given for work or service 2. (v) to give money for work