- Indexed bitexts are also useful for terminology research.

6. Segment-level during translation

- Translation memory look-up and machine translation.

- Automatic translation memory (tm) lookup applies primarily to revisions of previously translated texts and requires an indexed bi-text to function.

- TM lookup compares new versions of texts with the tm database and automatically recalls those segments which have not changed significantly, allowing them to be leveraged.

- For example, if the third sentence above were completely rewritten but the surrounding sentences were unchanged, tm lookup could process the text and automatically place retrieved translations of the unchanged sentences in the output file and return the changed sentence to the translator who could supply a translation.

- For minor revisions of previously translated documents, tm lookup can provide enormous productivity increases.

- Machine translation takes a source text and algorithmically processes it to return a translation in the target language.

- Machine translation parses a sentence of source text, identifying words and relationships, selects target language terms, arranges those words in target language word order and inflects them.

- mt typically is used for controlled language texts from a narrow domain and requires some post-editing where publication quality output is required.

- mt systems often allow users to modify their dictionaries.

- The following is raw (unedited) mt output in Spanish of the English source given above (in this case thermocline was returned untranslated since it was not in the system’s dictionary):

- Él oyó a los capitanes que discuten la ausencia de un thermocline. Mancusco explicó que no era raro para el área, particularmente después de las tormentas violentas.

- Ellos estaban de acuerdo que era infortunado.

- Una capa termal habría ayudado su evasión.

7. Segment-level after translation:

- Missing segment detection and format and grammar checks.

- These functions are closely related to #4.

- They check for missing segments, correct grammar, and correct retention of formatting.

- For example,

- if the following translation of the English passage in the bitext were received from a translator, a missing segment detection tool would let the user know that something was missing (the second sentence):

- Oyó que los capitanes comentaban la ausencia de gradiente térmico. Convinieron en que era mala suerte. Una capa térmica hubiera facilitado la evasión.

8. Translation workflow and billing management.While

- Workflow management is not directly part of translation, BUT it is extremely important for tracking the progress of translation projects.

- Workflow management tools keep track of the location of outsourced translations and their due dates, text modifications, translation priorities, revision dates,

- The larger the text and the more texts in process, the more important these features become since the logistics of dealing with all the variables which may influence a project are compounded with size.

- Billing management also becomes increasingly important as the size of projects increases.

- Ideally both parts of this function should be integrated with one another.

Literary translation

- In multilingual countries such as Canada, translation of literary works (novels, short stories, plays, poems, etc.) is often considered a literary pursuit in its own right. Figures such as Sheila Fischman, Robert Dickson and Linda Gaboriau are notable in Canadian literature specifically as translators, and the Governor General's Awards present prizes for the year's best English-to-French and French-to-English literary translations.

- Writers such as Tadeusz Boy-Żeleński, Vladimir Nabokov, Jorge Luis Borges and Vasily Zhukovsky, Miličević, Kaštelan have also made a name for themselves as literary translators.

- Poetry is considered by many the most difficult genre to translate, given the difficulty in rendering both the form and

- the content in the target language. In his influential 1959 paper "On Linguistic Aspects of Translation," the Russian-born linguist and semiotician Roman Jakobson went so far as to declare that "poetry by definition [was] untranslatable." In 1974 the American poet James Merrill wrote a poem, "Lost in Translation," which in part explores this. The question was also considered in Douglas Hofstadter's 1997 book, Le Ton beau de Marot.

- Translation of sung texts — sometimes called "singing translation" — is closely linked to translation of poetry because most vocal music, at least in the Western tradition, is set to verse, especially verse in regular patterns with rhyme. (Since the late 19th century, musical setting of prose and free verse has also been practiced in some art music, though popular music tends to remain conservative in its retention of stanzaic forms with or without refrains.) A rudimentary example of translating poetry for singing is church hymns, such as the German chorales translated into English by Catherine Winkworth. [7]

- Translation of sung texts is generally much more restrictive than translation of poetry, because in the former there is little or no freedom to choose between a versified translation and a translation that dispenses with verse structure.

- One might modify or omit rhyme in a singing translation, but the assignment of syllables to specific notes in the original musical setting places great challenges on the translator.

- There is the option in prose, less so in verse, of adding or deleting a syllable here and there by subdividing or combining notes, respectively, but even with prose the process is nevertheless almost like strict verse translation because of the need to stick as closely as possible to the original prosody.

- Other considerations in writing a singing translation include repetition of words and phrases, the placement of rests and/or punctuation, the quality of vowels sung on high notes, and rhythmic features of the vocal line that may be more natural to the original language than to the target language.

- While the singing of translated texts has been common for centuries, it is less necessary when a written translation is provided in some form to the listener, for instance, as an insert in a concert program or as projected titles in a performance hall or visual medium.

The term ‘translation’

- Etymologically, "translation" is a "carrying across" or "bringing across."

- The Latin "translatio" derives from the perfect passive participle, "translatum," of "transferre" ("to transfer" — from "trans," "across" + "ferre," "to carry" or "to bring").

- The modern Romance, Germanic and Slavic European languages have generally formed their own equivalent terms for this concept after the Latin model — after "transferre" or after the kindred "traducere" ("to bring across" or "to lead across").[1]

- Additionally, the Greek term for "translation," "metaphrasis" ("a speaking across"), has supplied English with "metaphrase" — a "literal translation," or "word-for-word" translation — as contrasted with "paraphrase" ("a saying in other words," from the Greek "paraphrasis").[2]

‘War does not determine who’s right but who’s left.”

E – H

Word translator 97 – default zona svojeglav ne odrediti nestašan pravo ali nestašan lijevi

intertran

Rat ne [determine] [who’s] pravo ali [who’s] lijevi

E – D

Systran professional:

Krieg stellt nicht fest, wem Recht hat, aber wem verlassen wird

Intertran

Krieg tut nicht ausmachen [who’s] richtig aber [who’s] link

E – I