revolution
b) social and political changes could be
gained without driving conservatives into an untenable position
c) hope of future progress
7- The new industrialists now joined the old rural aristocracy in governing England
a) the Whigs and radical industrialists formed the Liberal Party
b) 1833- slavery was abolished in the British Empire
c) 1835- the Municipal Corporations Act
modernized the government of British cities
8- The Tories (Conservatives) “retaliated” by
reforming the industries which were the strength of the Liberal Party
a) championed workers
b) publicized social evils
c) Factory Act of 1833 forbade child labor of
children less than 9 years of age in textile mills
d) in 1842 they regulated the coal mines;
forbid the employment of women, girls, and boys under 10 years of age
9- The Ten Hours Act of 1847 was a great victory for workers
a) limited the labor of women and children to 10 hours a day in factories
b) soon spread to men
10- Liberals, aghast at the limiting of laissez-faire economic policies “retaliated”
with the 1838 Anti-Corn Law League
a) corn laws raised food prices
b) industrialists felt that this forced them to pay higher wages to workers
c) others said it was needed to protect and
encourage English agriculture and maintain a balanced economy
d) the Corn Laws were repealed in 1846 under industrialist backed pressure
11- In England industry had triumphed over agriculture
a) England relied for her food supplies upon a world wide economic system
b) industrialization accelerated as economic specialization in England increased
c) the importance of British sea power was re-affirmed to hold open and control
these world wide trade routes that were needed for
England’s survival on imported foods
d) growth of the “free trade” needed by England for her survival
B- The Challenge of Labor
1- The workers felt left out and estranged
a) they had a low share of the increase of wealth
b) they had forced thru reforms by rebellions
or threats of rebellions and the bourgeoisie got all the political benefits
c) if reform was impossible * destroy the system
2- Concept of a labor market developed (commodity)
a) price of labor was kept down by high population
b) high unemployment was an advantage in this
system as it would keep down wages
1848 1997
Priority for Capital Needs Priority for Consumer Needs
Cheap Food Cheap Food
High Unemployment Low Unemployment
High Population High Population
3- There were two ways out:
a) reform via unions; they only became legal
in England in 1825; and all over Europe were not allowed the right to strike
b) repudiate the system and look for something
new such as compensation based upon need not production
C- Socialism and Chartism
1- Socialism spread rapidly as a doctrine after 1830
a) in France it joined with revolutionary
republicans who wished to use the events of 1793 as a basis for more reforms
b) Robespierre’s works became popular among
workers and intellectuals
c) in England it joined with campaigns for parliamentary reform
2- An English mass movement, the Chartists, was formed in 1838
a) anti-capitalistic
b) demanded working class representation in Parliament; an end to property
qualifications for office; and salaries for members of the House of Commons
c) a “Convention” was held in 1839 with representatives of unions and radical
societies in London; a bad name, as it reminded people of the French Revolution,
and some members were revolutionaries
3- The Chartists presented a petition with 1,000,000 signatures to Parliament
demanding reforms
a) the “physical force” Chartists started riots
b) in 1842 the petition was re-submitted with
3,317,702 signatures out of a population of 19,000,000 people
c) it was rejected by commons 287 to 49
because they feared reforms would endanger property rights
d) Chartism died out, but may have created the
atmosphere of reforms being needed
e) labor unions concentrated on improving
labor conditions with greater success
III The Revolutions of 1848
A- 1789 was repeated
1- Violence in the streets; international rebellion; even another Napoleon
2- There were more revolutions than before or
since; no one country dominated it as it spread all across Europe
a) was it due to an “international revolutionary movement”?- no
b) it was just that most people wanted the
same things: constitutional government; national states; and an end to serfdom
3- It was a brilliant flash- then it was gone
a) there were far reaching effects; pan-Germanisn and pan-Slavism grew
b) Marxism received careful incentives for growth
B- The revolutionaries had many aims:
1- Hungarians wanted an independent state
2- Czechs wanted autonomy within the Austrian Empire
3- Italians and Germans wanted national unification
4- French wanted political reforms
C- There are many views on the events of 1848 among historians
1- Trevelyan: it was a chance for liberal reforms that was lost
2- Namier: it was the start of the German ultra- nationalism that led to the rise of
Adolf Hitler and the start of nations waging wars to crush other nations
3- Langer: “1848 led to grave political and social
conflicts; national antagonisms and wars that might otherwise have been avoided.”
4- Meinecke: the 1848 revolutions were on a comparatively high moral level
5- Moraze: the revolutions were a socio-economic
phenomenon and were a great victory for the middle class
IV Paris: The Specter of Social Revolution in the West
A- The July 1830 Monarchy did not really solve problems
or provide deeply needed reforms
1- From 1830 on republicanism continued to grow increasingly socialistic tendencies
a) although they were only active in Paris, the extreme centralization of France
and the role of Paris enabled them to lead and
dominate the movement through out the nation
2- Politics in the Orleanist government was unreal
a) basic issues weren’t dealt with due to the narrow interests (3% of the adult
male population) represented in the Chamber of Deputies
b) even most of the bourgeoisie were unrepresented
c) there was widespread graft and corruption
d) the revolutionary movement was divided: radicals wanted universal manhood
suffrage and a republic; liberals wanted a broadening
of the electorate within a constitutional monarchy
e) Louis-Philippe opposed any reforms and did not ally himself with the liberals
B- The February Revolution in France
1- A small, single incident precipitated the revolution; reformers planned to hold an
anti-king banquet in Paris on February 22, 1848
a) on February 21, the King forbid it and barricades sprang up
b) the National Guard refused to fire on the people
c) the King promised some electoral forms- but it was too late
d) rioting broke out near the house of the
King’s minister Guizot, and spread through out the city
e) on February 24 Louis-Philippe abdicated and fled to England
2- Armed republicans stormed the Chamber of Deputies
a) liberals had hoped to continue the house of Orleans
b) the republicans ruled France with a 10 man
committee until a constituent assembly could be elected
c) 3 of the committee were socialists, and
under strong pressure from “red” workers
3- Louis Blanc, the socialist leader wanted the
committee to enact immediate economic and social changes
a) the socialist minority in the government couldn’t do it
b) the compromise worked out was that
“National Workshops” would be established
c) a plan for a 10 hour work day was rejected
d) the issue of a “fair share”
4- The National Workshops were a form of
unemployment relief, not worker-owned factories as Blanc had wanted
a) workers were put on national defense projects
b) great numbers of unemployed Paris men were in the workshops: March
25,000; April 66,000; June 120,000; plus an additional 50,000 that
were not in the workshops
c) there were 200,000 unemployed men in a city of 1,000,000
5- The Constituent Assembly was elected with
universal male suffrage in April and met May 4
a) it selected a 5 man board to run France
b) it was anti-socialist and anti-Blanc
c) Paris was not France; the middle class and skilled workers resented an income
tax that could reach 45% to support the workshops
6- It was the City versus the Country- as usual
a) Paris was the largest and most revolutionary city in Europe
b) the Paris workers were starving under miserable conditions; they thought that
they could not wait for slow legal reforms
c) by 1848 violent revolution was a tradition in France
C- The June Days of 1848
1- It was the nationally elected Constituent
Assembly versus the socialist controlled National Workshops
a) workers were concentrated in a few
locations and subjected to radical propaganda and plans
b) May 15, the workers stormed and tried to destroy the Constituent Assembly;
hoping to establish a new government of their own
c) the National Guard drove out the workers and restored order
d) the Assembly prepared to shut down the Workshops; the workers would either
have to join the army or leave Paris
2- In the bloody June Days of 24-26, 1848 the regular army under General
Cavaignac crushed the armed workers in stiff street fighting at the barricades;
10,000 insurgents were killed and another 11,000 were shipped off to the colonies
3- The June Days of class warfare terrified Europe
a) the radical workers increased their hatred of the bourgeoisie and their
capitalistic system, and felt that it only existed by armed force
b) the middle and upper class feared being murdered in their beds
4- In England the February Revolution revived the Chartist movement
a) 6,000,000 signatures appeared on Chartist petitions
b) the Chartists started to arm and prepared to rebel in London
c) a Chartist Convention met- would it declare itself a Constituent Assembly?
d) the Duke of Wellington (still around) swore
in 70,000 volunteers to defend the realm
e) Parliament rejected the petition and the crisis passed with the help of
government infiltration of the movement
e) a mixed feeling of complacency still existed in England; people still had faith in
their institutions
D- The Emergence of Louis-Napoleon in France
1- In France General Cavaignac ruled as a dictator
as the Constituent Assembly drafted a republican constitution
a) the French desired a strong executive to
keep power, and elections with universal male suffrage had the following results:
Lamartine- “moralism and idealism”- 18,000
Cavaignac- a disciplined republic- 1,500,000
Ledru-Rollin- “social republic”- 370,000
Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte- “?”- 5,400,000 won by a landslide
2- Louis-Napoleon, born in 1808 was the son of Louis, the former King of Holland;
in 1832 he resolved to restore his family’s position and Empire; his attempted
coup d’etats in 1836 at Strasbourg and 1840 at Boulogne failed; he escaped
prison in 1846
a) considered to be an anti-capitalist friend
of the common man- yet he stood for order
3- Growth of the Napoleonic Legend
a) Louis wrote “Napoleonic ideas”
b) Frenchmen dreamed of past glories
c) Hugo and Thiers glorified Napoleon
d) 1836- The Arch of Triumph was dedicated
e) 1840- Napoleon was buried at Les Invalides
f) the name of Bonaparte had a magic effect in France
4- Thus Louis-Napoleon became president by a great popular mandate
a) the Legislative Assembly replaced the Constituent Assembly
b) with universal manhood suffrage it produced a 2/3 majority for the
monarchists, but it was split between Orleanists and Bourbonists
(curse of the Royalists)
c) the republicans had the remaining 1/3 of the seats, but were split between
socialists (180 seats) and regular republicans (70 seats) who felt that the main
issue should be the reform of government and not society
5- The President and the Assembly looked to purge republicanism of socialism
a) in June of 1849 an abortive socialist insurrection was put down; 32 socialist
deputies were expelled from the Assembly, and censorship was imposed
b) in 1850 the poorest 1/3 of the electorate was disfranchised
c) 1850 the Falloux Law placed schools under the control of the Church because
they feared that “lay teachers have made the principle of
social revolution popular in the most distant villages”
d) it was an anti-republic republic!; in 1850 it sent troops to Rome to destroy
Mazzini’s republic and restore the Pope to power; they stayed until 1870
6- Bonaparte was needed by the extreme conservatives
a) they looked upon him as a “care-taker”
government until the Bourbon-Orleanist dispute could be settled
b) Bonaparte turned to the radicals for support to increase his power base; in
1851 he urged the restoration of universal suffrage
c) On December 2, 1851 (Austerlitz Day) he
carried out his coup, ensuring control of the army and police
d) declared universal suffrage and dissolved
the Assembly, while 150 were killed in fighting in Paris
e) on December 20, 1851 Bonaparte was elected
President for 10 years 7,439,216 to 646,737
f) the next year he proclaimed himself Napoleon III
7- The Second Republic was dead
a) it killed itself with its fear of radicalism and self-doubt
b) liberalism, constitutionalism and monarchism also died
c) France was now ruled by a demagogue and dictator: Napoleon III
d) what did France want? even the French did not know
V Vienna: The Nationalist Revolution in Central Europe and Italy
A- The Austrian Empire in 1848
1- In 1848 the Habsburg Empire was Europe’s second most populous state
a) it was made up of many ethnic groups:Germans, Magyars, Czechs, Poles,
Ruthenians, Slovaks, Serbs, Croats, Slovenes, Dalmatians,
Rumanians, and Italians
b) these people in most places were completely intermixed
c) the Germans inhabited all of Austria and parts of Bohemia and Hungary
d) the Czechs inhabited Bohemia and Moravia
e) the Magy