well-educated priests and unity of the empire. 40. The benefit derived from the
Carolingian Minuscule was the development of a new handwriting that included
lower case letters. This made books easier to read and more letters could be put
on a page, which made books less expensive. 41. The benefits derived from the
invention of Medieval Latin were that the language enabled travelers,
administrator and scholars to make themselves understood in all parts of Europe,
which helped unit European unit. 42. The unique element of the illuminated
manuscript that I saw on the web page was the use of lower case letters, which
was developed during the Carolingian Minuscule. 43. The texts were standardized
when Charlemagne told Alcuin of York to prepare a new edition of Jerome?s
Vulgate translation of the Bible. This edition became the common biblical text
for the entire Western church. Charlemagne bought a copy of the Benedictine rule
and had it copied and distributed to the monks. The schools were standardized
when Charlemagne ordered all bishops and monasteries to establish schools to
educate boys. Alcuin helped devise the standards for the school curriculum into
verbal arts or mathematical arts. This was standard in the twelfth century. 44.
When Louis the Pious assumed the throne to the Carolingian Empire it was
weakened by his indecisiveness, which led to a rebellion by his sons. When he
died the Empire was divided by his sons. 45. The conclusion to be drawn from the
map on page 231 is that the Vikings expanded in the East very quickly by using
their ships. They conquered many cities in a short period of time conquering
Paris, Constantinople and other major cities. 46. The paragraph about women on
page 231 is gratuitous because the authors wrote different stories about women.
Even in the paragraph there are two different viewpoints. It first says that
women were probably treated roughly and then in the next sentence it says that
they were esteemed and played the role of advisor in politics. These are
completely opposite leads that do not conclude to anything. 47. Viking- one of a
seafaring Scandinavian people who plundered the coasts of northern and western
Europe from the eighth through the tenth century. 48. Viking ships were a major
factor in the immigration of the Vikings because they were able to travel up
rivers and on high seas. The ships were large enough to carry horses and
provisions as well as men. The Vikings were skilled seamen that used their ships
to an advantage when in war. 49. A chain mail is a flexible armor made of joined
metal links or scales. 50. During the Middle Ages, Christianity did not rise
that much in Scandinavia. Some Vikings converted to be able to trade in Western
Europe and there were conversions in Sweden and Denmark but most of these
conversions were incomplete. Christianity did not have strong enough effect to
hold the Vikings from attacking and looting in England and France. 51. A saga is
a prose narrative usually written in Iceland between 1120 and 1400, dealing with
the families that first settled Iceland and their descendants, with the
histories of the kings of Norway, and with the myths and legends of early
Germanic gods and heroes. 52. The Vikings ended up in the principality of Kiev
because they were invited by the Slavs to aid them in their internal affairs.
The Vikings became a part of the first East Slavic state. 53. The Kiev kept
close ties to Western Europe because they needed the trade route. They did this
by arranging a marriage between the Euroslav and the Byzantine, England, France,
Germany, Norway, Poland and Hungry. 54. The head of the Kievan government was
the prince, who selected nobles, to help govern with him. The prince consulted
the towns for advice, but he was not the keeper of justice. Most cases were
settled in courts, which had no organized system. 55. The principality of Kiev
declined because after Yaroslav?s death the territory was divided between his
male heirs, which resulted in frequent fights and civil wars. These struggles
left people unable to resist the menace of the steppe nomads and later on Kiev
was cut off from the Black Sea, which devastated the commerce and culture.